《英语教学法教程》(王蔷)考研复习资料-名词解释Word文档下载推荐.docx

《英语教学法教程》(王蔷)考研复习资料-名词解释Word文档下载推荐.docx

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Inductivemethod:

theTprovideslearnerswithauthenticlanguagedataandinducesthelearnerstorealizegrammarruleswithoutanyformsofexplicitexplanation.

1.Language:

”Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.”Itcanbeunderstoodinthefollowingsixaspects:

Languageassystem;

Languageassymbolic;

Languageasarbitrary;

Languageasvocal;

Languageashuman;

Languageascommunication

Bottom-upmodel

Someteachersteachreadingbyintroducingnewvocabularyandnewstructuresfirstandthengoingoverthetextsentencebysentence.Thiswayofteachingreadingreflectsthebeliefthatreadingcomprehensionisbasedontheunderstandingandmastery熟练ofallthenewwords,newphrases,andnewstructuresaswellasalotofreadingaloudpractice.Also,thisreadingfollowsalinearprocessfromtherecognitionofletters,towords,tophrases,tosentences,toparagraphs,andthentothemeaningofthewholetext.Thiswayofteachingreadingissaidtofollowabottom-upmodel.

2）.Top-downmodel

Itisbelievedthatinteachingreading,theteachershouldteachthebackgroundknowledgefirstsothatstudentsequippedwithsuchknowledgewillbeabletoguessmeaningfromtheprintedpage.Thisprocessofreadingissaidtofollowthetop-downmodelofteachingreadingjustasGoodman（1970）oncesaidthatreadingwas“apsycholinguisticguessinggame”

2.Structuralview:

Thestructuralviewseeslanguageasalinguisticsystemmadeupofvarioussubsystems:

fromphonological,morphological,lexical,etc.tosentences.

3.Thefunctionalview:

Thefunctionalviewseeslanguageasalinguisticsystembutalsoasameansfordoingthings.Mostofourday-to-daylanguageuseinvolvesfunctionalactivities:

greetings;

offering,suggesting,advising,apologizing,etc.

Thecommunicativeviewoflanguage

Thecommunicative,orfunctionalviewoflanguageistheviewthatlanguageisavehiclefortheexpressionoffunctionalmeaning.Thesemanticandcommunicativedimensionsoflanguagearemoreemphasizedthanthegrammaticalcharacteristics,althoughthesearealsoincluded.

4.Theinteractionalview:

Theinteractionalviewconsiderslanguageasacommunicativetool,whosemainuseistobuildupandmaintainsocialrelationsbetweenpeople.

1）Thebehavioristtheory（Skinner）--astimulus-responsetheoryofpsychology

Thekeypointofthetheoryofconditioningisthat"

youcantrainananimaltodoanything（withinreason）ifyoufollowacertainprocedurewhichhasthreemajorstages,stimulus,response,andreinforcement"

2）Cognitivetheory（NoamChomsky）:

Thetermcognitiveistodescribelooselymethodsinwhichstudentsareaskedtothinkratherthansimplyrepeat.

ThegoalofCLT

ThegoalofCLTistodevelopstudents'

communicativecompetence

Lessonplanningmeansmakingdecisionsinadvanceaboutwhattechniques,activitiesandmaterialswillbeusedintheclass.

Teachingstagesandprocedures:

Teachingstagesarethemajorstepsthatlanguageteachersgothroughintheclassroom.Proceduresarethedetailedstepsineachteachingstage.

31.ThreeP'

smodel:

presentation,practiceandproduction.

Skimming

Skimmingmeansreadingquicklytogetthegist,i.e.themainideaofthetext.

Scanning

Scanningmeanstoreadtolocate/getspecificinformation.

1）.Discussion

Adiscussionisoftenusedfora）exchangeofpersonalopinions.Thissortofdiscussioncanstartwithaquestionlike"

Whatdoyouthinkof?

"

b）statingofpersonalopinionsongeneralissues.c）problem-solving.d）theranking（分类；

顺序）ofalternativese）decidinguponpriorities（先;

前）etc.

2）.Role-play

Role-playisaverycommonlanguagelearningactivitywherestudentsplaydifferentrolesandinteractfromthepointofviewoftherolestheyplay.

What’scalledAprocessapproachtowriting

1）.Definition

Whatreallymattersormakesadifferenceisthehelpthattheteacherprovidestoguidethestudentsthroughtheprocessthattheyundergowhentheyarewriting.

What’stheassessment

AssessmentinELTmeanstodiscoverwhatthelearnersknowandcandoatacertainstageofthelearningprocess.

a.GrammarTranslation:

TheGrammarTranslationmethodstartedaroundthetimeofErasmus（1466-1536）.Itsprimaryfocusisonmemorizationofverbparadigms,grammarrules,andvocabulary.Applicationofthisknowledgewasdirectedontranslationofliterarytexts--focusingofdevelopingstudents'

appreciationofthetargetlanguage'

sliteratureaswellasteachingthelanguage.Activitiesutilizedintoday'

sclassroomsinclude:

questionsthatfollowareadingpassage;

translatingliterarypassagesfromonelanguagetoanother;

memorizinggrammarrules;

memorizingnative-languageequivalentsoftargetlanguagevocabulary.（Highlystructuredclassworkwiththeteachercontrollingallactivities.）

b.DirectMethod:

TheDirectMethodwasintroducedbytheGermaneducatorWilhelmVië

torintheearly1800'

s.Focusingonorallanguage,itrequiresthatallinstructionbeconductedinthetargetlanguagewithnorecoursetotranslation.Readingandwritingaretaughtfromthebeginning,althoughspeakingandlisteningskillsareemphasized--grammarislearnedinductively.Ithasabalanced,four-skillemphasis.

c.TheSilentWay:

Theteacherisactiveinsettingupclassroomsituationswhilethestudentsdomostofthetalkingandinteractionamongthemselves.Allfourskills（listening,speaking,reading&

writing）aretaughtfromthebeginning.Studenterrorsareexpectedasanormalpartoflearning;

theteacher'

ssilencehelpstofosterself-relianceandstudentinitiative.

d.CommunityLanguageLearning:

Teachersrecognizethatlearningcanbethreateningandbyunderstandingandacceptingstudents'

fears,theyhelptheirstudentsfeelsecureandovercometheirfearsoflanguagelearning--ultimatelyprovidingstudentswithpositiveenergydirectedatlanguagelearning.Studentschoosewhattheywanttolearnintheclassandthesyllabusislearner-generated.e.NaturalApproach:

IntroducedbyGottliebHeneseandDr.L.SauveurinBostonaround1866.TheNaturalApproachissimilartotheDirectMethod,concentratingonactivedemonstrationstoconveymeaningbyassociatingwordsandphraseswithobjectsandactions.Associationsareachievedviamime,paraphraseandtheuseofmanipulatives.Terrell（1977）focusedontheprinciplesofmeaningfulcommunication,comprehensionbeforeproduction,andindirecterrorcorrection.Krashen'

s（1980）inputhypothesisisappliedintheNaturale.ReadingMethod:

ThereadingmethodwasprominentintheU.S.followingtheCommitteeofTwelvein1900andfollowingtheModernForeignLanguageStudyin1928.TheearliermethodwassimilartothetraditionalGrammar/TranslationmethodandemphasizedthetransferenceoflinguisticunderstandingtoEnglish.Presently,thereadingmethodfocusesmoreonsilentreadingforcomprehensionpurposes.

f.ASTPandtheAudiolingualMethod:

Thisapproachisbasedonthebehavioristbeliefthatlanguagelearningistheacquisitionofasetofcorrectlanguagehabits.Thelearnerrepeatspatternsandphrasesinthelanguagelaboratoryuntilabletoreproducethemspontaneously.

ASTP（ArmySpecializedTrainingProgram）wasanintensive,specializedapproachtolanguageinstructionusedinduringthe1940'

s.Inthepostwaryears,thecivilianversionofASTPandtheaudiolingualmethodfeaturedmemorizationofdialogues,patterndrills,andemphasisonpronunciation.

g.CognitiveMethods:

Cognitivemethodsoflanguageteachingarebasedonmeaningfulacquisitionofgrammarstructuresfollowedbymeaningfulpractice.

h.CommunicativeMethods:

Thegoalofcommunicativelanguageapproachesistocreatearealisticcontextforlanguageacquisitionintheclassroom.Thefocusisonfunctionallanguageusageandtheabilitytolearnerstoexpresstheirownideas,feelings,attitudes,desiresandneeds.Openendedquestioningandproblem-solvingactivitiesandexchangesofperso