unit8.ppt

unit8.ppt

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1,Cross-culturalPerception,Unit8,CultureisaBridge.,2,CONTENTS,1.FrenchLeaveandDutchCourage2.EthnocentrismandEthno-relativism3.GroupworkP278,3,4,OldEnglish（450-1100AD）MiddleEnglish（1100-1500）ModernEnglish:

earlymodernEnglish1500-1800;latemodernEnglish1800-present）,5,FrenchLeaveandDutchCourage,MostcountriesandpeoplesintheBritishIsles,continentalEuropeandbeyondhaveleftapermanentimprintontheEnglishlanguagetodescribeflora（植物群）,fauna（动物群）,productsorcustomsassociatedwithparticularnations.,6,Someexamples,Belgianhare比利时家兔Danishpastry丹麦甜糕饼Dutchbarn,7,4.Flemishbond法式砌法5.Frenchletter避孕套6.Germanmeasles风疹（又称德国麻疹）7.Greekgifts来者不善8.Italichandwriting斜体字（或字母、数码等）9.Portugueseman-of-war水母10.Russianroulette俄式轮盘,8,11.Irishstew爱尔兰炖肉；土豆洋葱煮肉12.Scotchpine苏格兰松树13.Swedishdrill（治疗性的）瑞典式肌肉体操14.Swissroll（内卷果酱或奶油的）蛋糕15.Turkishdelight土耳其软糖16.Welshrarebit涂着干酪泥的烤面包片,9,Greekingischeatingatcardse.g.“thisisGreektome”meansgibberishdibri乱语；快速而不清楚的言语2.“HisIrish（orhisDutch）isup”means“hesangry,hesintemper”3.“ImaDutchman”means“Imnotmyself”Therefore,inAmericanEnglish“inDutch”isindisfavor,introuble.WhenAmericanssay“wevebeenDutched”theymean“wevebeenhad,wevebeencheated”.,10,Theeasy-goingDutchhavecontributedthegreatestnumberofthemostpejorative（轻蔑的）terms.Manytermsreflectthisderision（嘲笑）andcontempt.e.g.

（1）drunkasaDutchman（totallyintoxicated）

（2）Dutchcourage（courageinducedbydrinking-largequantity）（3）aDutchorwetbargain（thepartnerdrinkingtogether）（4）inarchitectureaDutchmanisadeviceforhidingorcounter-actingstructuraldefects（污点）.（5）aDutchnightingale（夜莺）isafrog.（6）inaDutchconcerteachperformerplaysadifferenttone.（7）inDutchauction,propertyisofferedatahighprice,whichisgraduallylowereduntilsomeonebuysit.（8）aDutchunclewilllectureyouwithkindlyseverity.（9）beattheDutchistodosth.remarkable（10）goDutch,whenyoupayyourownway,youshareexpenses,asinaDutchtreat.,DutchderogatorycontributiontoEnglishlanguage,11,Few“French”wordsareasnegative.DespitethefactthattheFrenchhavebeenouralliesforthepastcentury.（hundredyearswar）e.g.FrenchkissFrenchpox法国花柳病Frenchcuisinekwizi:

n法国大餐Frenchbean菜豆，四季豆Frenchdressing法式生菜调味酱，法式凉菜调味汁Frenchfries薯条Frenchbread（loaf）法式长条面包Frenchtoast法式土司Frenchwindows落地窗Frenchleaven.不辞而别，悄悄离去；擅离职守,12,Spanishelm（trees）Spanishbroom（plant）Spanishmackerel（fish）Spanishonion（vegetables）walkSpanish:

beforcedtowalkwithsomeoneholdingyourcollarandtheseatofyourtrousers被迫以足尖走路；小心翼翼地走；被解雇,Spanish,13,Italian,ThechieflegacyoftheItaliansisitalic,theprintingtypeItaliancloth意大利棉毛呢Italiansixth意大利六和弦Italianwarehouse意大利杂货店,14,German,FoughttheGermansintwowars,littleprejudiceagainstthemisreflectedinthelanguage.WeacknowledgeGermancontributiontoindustry,printing,andmusicYetnoneofthesetermsisineverydaycommonuse.WhyGermanmeasles?

Perhapsbecauseofintermarriagebetweentheroyalfamilies.,15,SwisscontributeSwisscheese,Swisslace（瑞士机绣窗纱）,Swissmilk,Swissroll,Swissguards,Swissswords（瑞士刀）,Swiss,16,Danish,SuccessfulmarketingliesbehindDanishpastry（a“Danish”intheUSA）,Danishblue,theDanishcheese,Danishmodern（现代罗马体）andDanishdesign.,17,Ahomelycollectionofanimals（Englishfoxhounds英国猎狐犬,Englishsetters英国赛特犬,Englishshepherds英国牧羊犬,Englishspaniels英国史宾格犬）,birds（Englishsparrow家麻雀）,equestrianterms（Englishsaddle英式（皮座）马鞍）,flowers（Englishdais英国雏菊,雏菊）,food（Englishmuffin英式松饼）,trees（Englishwalnut,Englishyew）,literaryterms（EnglishorShakespeareansonnet英国十四行诗）,musicalinstrument（Englishhorn）,Englishbreakfast,English,18,Ethnocentrism:

isderivedfromtwoGreekwordsethnos,or“nation”,and“centre”.Itisthetechnicalnamefortheviewofthingsinwhichonesowngroupisthecentreofeverything,andallothersarescalesandratedwithreferencetoit.Ethnocentrismoccurswhenournationisseenasthecentreoftheworldandthebeliefs,values,normsandpracticeofourownculturearetakenassuperiortothoseofothers.,EthnocentrismandEthno-relativism,19,Ethnocentrismreferstoourtendencytoidentifywithourin-group（ethnicalorracialgroup,culture）andtoevaluateoutgroupsandtheirmembersaccordingtoitsstandard.Becauseofethnocentrism,wetendtoviewourownculturalvaluesandwaysofdoingthingsasmorereal,orasthe“right”andnaturalvaluesandwaysofdoingthings.PeoplebornandraisedintheUSaretaughtmanysubtlecuessuggestingtheUSisthecenteroftheworld.e.g.themajorleaguebaseballchampionshipseriesplayedbetweenthewinnersofthetwoleagues.IsitcalledtheUSSeries?

No,buttheWorldSeriesWemustrememberthatcitizensoftheothercountriesfromNorth,Central,andSouthAmericaarealso“Americans”.,20,TheearlyGreekusedtheterm“barbarians”torefertothosepeoplelivingaroundthemwhodidnotspeakGreek.TheancientPersian（波斯人）andEgyptianswereconsideredbytheGreekstobeinferior.TheJapanesewordgaijinmeans“foreigner,apersonwhoisnotJapanese”withcondescending（优越感）overtone.TheChinese,whocalledtheircountrytheMiddleKingdom,wereconvincedthatChinawasthecenteroftheworld.TheBritishdewthePrimeMeridianoflongitude（本初子午线）torunthroughGreenwich,nearLondon.EuropeansdrewmapsoftheworldwithEuropeatthecenter,andnorthAmericanswiththeNewWorldatthecenter.,21,Thelanguageofoppressione.g.thewords“chicks”and“babes”labeledwomenasinferior.NazislabeledJews“bacilli”（病菌）,“parasites”（寄生虫）,“disease”,“demon”（恶魔）,and“plague”（瘟疫）.,22,However,therehasalwaysbeenefforttoovercomeethnocentrism.Forexample,1784,BenjaminFranklinwroteabouttheAmericanIndiansinhispamphlet“remarksconcerningthesavage（野蛮人，未开化的人）ofNorthAmerica”Ethnorelativism:

theculturescanonlybeunderstoodrelativetooneanother;thereisnoabsolutestandardofrightnessorgoodnessthatcanbeappliedtoculturalbehavior;culturaldifferenceisneithergoodnorbad,justdifferent.,23,.Ethnorelativisminvolvestheviewthatallculturesareofequalvalueandthevaluesandbehaviorofaculturecanonlybejudgedusingthatcultureasframeofreference.Theonlywaywecanunderstandthebehaviorofothersisinthecontextoftheirculture.evaluationsmustberelativetotheculturalbackgroundoutofwhichthearise.Nooneculturaltraitis“right”or“wrong”,itismerelydifferentfromalternativeculturaltraits.Weshouldthinktwicebeforeapplyingthenormsofourculturetoothercultures.,Summary,24,CulturalStereotypesaboutAmericans,Physicalappearanceanddress,25,KeywordsforAmericans:

Tall;blueeyesandblondhairHandsome,masculineWomenunusuallyfatorthinLotsofmake-upSummerclothesinthewinterJeans,cowboyboots,andhatTextbook:

P279,