托福阅读练习2.docx

托福阅读练习2.docx

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托福阅读练习2

Passage1

Seventeenth-centuryhousesincolonialNorthAmericaweresimplestructuresthat

wereprimarilyfunctional,carryingovertraditionaldesignsthatwentbacktothe

MiddleAges.Duringthefirsthalfoftheeighteenthcentury,however,housesbeganto

Lineshowanewelegance.Aswealthincreased,moreandmorecolonistsbuiltfinehouses.

（5Sincearchitecturewasnotyetaspecializedprofessioninthecolonies,thedesignof

buildingswaslefteithertoamateurdesignersortocarpenterswhoundertookto

interpretarchitecturalmanualsimportedfromEngland.Inventoriesofcoloniallibraries

showanastonishingnumberofthesehandbooksforbuilders,andthehouseserected

duringtheeighteenthcenturyshowtheirinfluence.Nevertheless,mostdomestic

（10architectureofthefirstthree-quartersoftheeighteenthcenturydisplaysawide

divergenceoftasteandfreedomofapplicationoftheruleslaiddowninthesebooks.

Increasingwealthandgrowingsophisticationthroughoutthecoloniesresultedin

housesofimproveddesign.whetherthematerialwaswood,stone,orbrick.New

Englandstillfavoredwood,thoughbrickhousesbecamecommoninBostonandother

（15towns,wherethedangeroffiregaveanimpetustotheuseofmoredurablematerial.A

fewhousesinNewEnglandwerebuiltofstone,butonlyinPennsylvaniaandadjacent

areaswasstonewidelyusedindwellings.Anincreaseduseofbrickinhousesand

outbuildingsisnoticeableinVirginiaandMaryland,butwoodremainedthe

most

popularmaterialeveninhousesbuiltbywealthylandowners.IntheCarolinas,evenin

（20closelypackedCharleston.Woodenhousesweremuchmorecommonthanbrick

houses.

Eighteenth-centuryhousesshowedgreatinteriorimprovementsovertheirpredecessors.Windowsweremadelargerandshuttersremoved.Large,clearpanes

replacedthesmallleadedglassoftheseventeenthcentury.Doorwayswerelargerand

（25moredecorative.Fireplacesbecamedecorativefeaturesofrooms.Wallsweremadeof

plasterorwood,sometimeselaboratelypaneled.Whitepaintbegantotaketheplaceof

blues,yellows,greens.andleadcolors,whichhadbeenpopularforwallsintheearlier

years.Afterabout1730,advertisementsforwallpaperstylesinscenicpatternsbeganto

appearincolonialnewspapers.

32.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

（ATheimproveddesignofeighteenth-centurycolonialhouses

（BAcomparisonofeighteenth-centuryhousesandmodernhouses

（CThedecorationsusedineighteenth-centuryhouses

（DTheroleofcarpentersinbuildingeighteenth-centuryhouses

33.Whatwasoneofthemainreasonsforthechangeinarchitecturalstyleineighteenth-centuryNorthAmerica?

（AMorearchitectsarrivedinthecolonies.

（BThecolonistsdevelopedaninterestinclassicalarchitecture.

（CBricksweremorereadilyavailable.

（DThecolonistshadmoremoneytospendonhousing.

34.Accordingtothepassage,whowasresponsiblefordesigninghousesineighteenth-centuryNorthAmerica?

（AProfessionalarchitects

（BCustomers

（CInteriordecorators

（DCarpenters

35.Thepassageimpliesthattherulesoutlinedinarchitecturalmanualswere

（Agenerallyignored

（Blegallybinding

（Cnotstrictlyadheredto

（Donlyfollowedbyolderbuilders

36.Theword"divergence"inline11isclosestinmeaningto

（Adescription

（Bdevelopment

（Cdifference

（Ddisplay

37.Theword"durable"inline15isclosestinmeaningto

（Aattractive

（Bexpensive

（Crefined

（Dlong-lasting

38.Wherewasstonecommonlyusedtobuildhouses?

（AVirginia

（BPennsylvania

（CBoston

（DCharleston

39.Theword"dwelling"inline17isclosestinmeaningto

（Ahouses

（Btowns

（Coutbuildings

（Druralareas

40.Theword"predecessors"inline23refersto

（AcolonistswhoarrivedinNorthAmericaintheseventeenthcentury

（Bhousesconstructedbeforetheeighteenthcentury

（Cinteriorimprovements

（DwoodenhousesinCharleston

41.Theauthormentionselaboratelypaneledwallsinline26asanexampleof

（Ahowtheinteriordesignofcolonialhouseswasimproved

（Bwhywallsweremadeofwoodorplaster

（Chowwallsweremadestrongerintheeighteenthcentury

（Dwhatkindofwoodwasusedforwallsafter1730

42.Theword"elaborately"inline26isclosestinmeaningto

（Adoneingreatdetail

（Bputtogethercarefully

（Cusingmanycolors

（Dreinforcedstructurally

43.Whatdoestheauthorimplyabouttheuseofwallpaperbefore1730?

（AWallpapersamplesappearedinthearchitecturalmanuals.

（BWallpaperwasthesamecolorasthewallpaintsused.

（CPatternedwallpaperwasnotwidelyused.

（DWallpaperwasnotusedinstonehouses.

44.Whereinthepassagedoestheauthorgiveareasonwhybrickwasthepreferredmaterialforhousesinsomeurbanareas?

（ALines9-11

（BLines13-15

（CLines17-19

（DLines23-24

Passage2

Bloodhoundsarebiologicallyadaptedtotrailingtheirprey.Theprocessbywhich

thenoserecognizesanodorisnotfullyunderstood,butthereareapparentlyspecific

receptorsitesforspecificodors.Inoneexplanation,recognitionoccurswhenascent

moleculefitsintoitscorrespondingreceptorsite,likeakeyintoalock,causinga

（Line5mechanicalorchemicalchangeinthecell.Bloodhoundsapparentlyhavedenser

concentrationsofreceptorsitestunedtohumanscents.

Whenabloodhoundtrailsahumanbeing,whatdoesitactuallysmell?

Thehuman

body,whichconsistsofabout60trillionlivingcells,shedsexposedskinatarateof50

millioncellsaday.Soevenatrailthathasbeendispersedbybreezesmaystillseem

（Line10richtoabloodhound.Thebodyalsoproducesabout31to50ouncesofsweataday.

Neitherthisfluidnortheshedskincellshavemuchodorbythemselves,butthe

bacteriaworkingonbothsubstancesisanothermatter.Onemicrobiologistestimates

theresidentbacteriapopulationofacleansquarecentimeterofskinonthehuman

shoulderat"multiplesofamillion."Astheygoabouttheirdailybusinessbreaking

（Line15downlipids,orfattysubstances,ontheskin,thesebacteriareleasevolatile

substancesthatusuallystrikethebloodhound'snoseasanentireconstellationof

distinctivescents.

45.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

（AWhypeoplechoosebloodhoundsfor

householdpets

（BHowabloodhound'ssenseofsmellworks

（CHowhumanscompensateforan

underdevelopedsenseofsmell

（DThewayinwhichbacteriaworkonskincells

andbodysweat

46.Theauthorcomparesascentmoleculewitha

（Akey

（Block

（Ccell

（Dbloodhound

47.Inline7,theword"it"refersto

（Abloodhound

（Bhumanbeing

（Csmell

（Dbody

48.Accordingtothepassage,howmanycellsofskindoesthehumanbodyriditselfofeveryday?

（A60trillion

（B50million

（C1million

（DBetween31and50

49.Inline10,theword"rich"isusedtomeanthatatrailis

（Apavedwithpreciousmaterials

（Baprofitablebusinesstogetinto

（Caverycostlyundertaking

（Dfilledwithanabundanceofclues

50.Whichofthefollowingactsasastimulusintheproductionofthehumanscent?

（ASweat

（BDeadskincells

（CBacteria

（DFattysubstances

Exampleone:

95年8月的最后一篇文章:

StaggeringtasksconfrontedthepeopleoftheUnitedStates,NorthandSouth,when

theCivilWarended.Aboutamillionandahalfsoldiersfrombothsideshadtobe

demobilized,readjustedtocivilianlife,andreabsorbedbythedevastatedeconomy.

Civilgovernmentalsohadtobeputbackonapeacetimebasisandinterferencefrom

（5themilitaryhadtobestopped.

ThedesperateplightoftheSouthhaseclipsedthefactthatreconstructionhadtobe

undertakenalsointheNorth,thoughlessspectacularly.Industrieshadtoadjustto

peacetimeconditions:

factorieshadtoberetooledforcivilianneeds.FinancialproblemsloomedlargeinboththeNorthandtheSouth.Thenationaldebt

（10hadshotupfromamodest$565millionin1861,theyearthewarstarted,tonearly$3

billionin1865,theyearthewarended.Thiswasacolossalsumforthosedaysbutone

thataprudentgovernmentcouldpay.Atthesametime,wartaxeshadtobereducedto

lessburdensomelevels.

Physicaldevastationcausedbyinvadingarmies,chieflyintheSouthandborder

（15states,hadtoberepaired.Thisherculeantaskwasultimatelycompleted,butwith

discouragingslowness.

Otherimportantquestionsneededanswering.Whatwouldbethefutureofthefour

millionblackpeoplewhowerefreedfromslavery?

OnwhatbasisweretheSouthern

statestobebroughtbackintotheUnion?

（20WhatoftheSouthernleaders,allofwhomwereliabletochargesoftreason?

One

oftheseleaders.JeffersonDavis,presidentoftheSouthernConfederacy,

wasthe

subjectofaninsultingpopularNorthernsong,"HangJeffDavisfromaSourApple

Tree."andevenchildrensangit.Daviswastemporarilychainedinhisprisoncell

duringtheearlydaysofhistwo-yearimprisonment.ButheandtheotherSouthern

（25leaderswerefinallyreleased,partlybecauseitwasunlikelythatajuryfromVirginia,a

SouthernConfederatestate,wouldconvictthem.Alltheleaderswerefinallypardoned

byPresidentJohnsonin1868inanefforttohelpreconstructioneffortsproceedwithas

littlebitternessaspossible.

41.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

（AWartimeexpenditures

（BProblemsfacingtheUnitedStatesafterthe

war

（CMethodsofrepairingthedamagecausedby

thewar

（DTheresultsofgovernmenteffortstorevive

theeconomy

42.Theword"Staggering"inline1isclosestin

meaningto

（Aspecialized

（Bconfusing

（Cvarious

（Doverwhelming

43.Theword"devastated"inline3isclosestin

meaningto

（Adeveloping

（Bruined

（Ccomplicated

（Dfragile

44.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstateme