气候变化对茶产业的影响外文文献翻译Word下载.docx

气候变化对茶产业的影响外文文献翻译Word下载.docx

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期刊名：

WaterAir&

SoilPollution,第92卷，第1期，页码：

87-94.

英文原文

VulnerabilityofSriLankateaproductiontoglobalclimatechangeWijeratneMA

Abstract:

TheteaindustryisSriLanka'

smainnetforeignexchangeearnerandsourceofincomeforthemajorityoflaborers.Teayieldisgreatlyinfluencedbyweather,andespeciallybydroughts,whichcauseirreparablelossesbecauseirrigationisseldomusedonteaplantations.Attheotherextreme,heavyrainserodetopsoilandwashawayfertilizersandotherchemicals.IntherecentlypublishedSriLankacountryreportonclimatechange,itwasreportedthattheislandwillexperienceextremerainfallintensitiesandwarmertemperaturesasaresultofclimatechange.Thepossibilityofa10%increaseinthelengthofdryandwetseasonsperyearinthemainplantationareawasalsoindicated.Thusbothdroughtdamagesandsoillossesinteaproductionareaswillincreaseintheyearstocome.Ananalysisoftheresultsoffieldexperimentswithweatherdatashowsthatincreasesintemperature,soilmoisturedeficit,andsaturationvaporpressuredeficitinthelowelevationswilladverselyaffectgrowthandyieldoftea.Reportshavealsoshownthatabout30cmofsoilhas

alreadybeenerodedfromuplandteaplantations.Underthesecircumstances,theteaindustryinSriLankaisclearlyvulnerabletopredictedclimatechanges,andsubsequentlygreatereconomic,social,andenvironmentalproblems.ThispaperdiscussesthevariousaspectsoftheadverseeffectsofclimatechangeonSriLanka'

steaindustry.

Keywords：

SriLanka，agriculture，tea

Introduction

Althoughtheexportoftextilesandapparelindustrieshasbroughtahighpercentageofforeignexchange,inSriLanka,agriculturalexportsarethehighestsourceofnetforeignexchangeearnings.Inagriculturalexports,teaaloneaccountsforabout15to25%ofthetotalforeignexchangeincome.ThusplayedadecisiveroleintheSriLankaneconomy.About30%oftheemployeesinthepublicsector（governmentandsemi-government）arefactorymanualworkers,andmostofthemworkinteaplantations.Moreover,about239,000smallteaproducersprovidealotofdomesticemploymentopportunities.Correspondingly,morethan700,000workersandtheirfamiliesdependontheteaindustry.ThesedatafullydemonstratetheimportanceoftheteaindustryinSriLanka'

ssocietyandeconomy.

Sincethe1930s,althoughsomesmallmanufacturershaveexpanded,inSriLanka,theoverallareaofteaplantingisshowingadownwardtrend,duetothelowproductivityduetotheinabilityoflandandbushes,and

thelandoccupationrateoftheteaindustrysector.Reducedsincethe1960s.Theteagrowingareasinthemiddleofthecountry（600to1200metershigh）havebecomemarginalandcropshavediversified.Poorclimateandpoormanagementpracticesarethemainreasonsforthis.Intheearly1960s,aftertheeliminationofshadows,theclimatechangeintheteagrowingareashadaffectedtheproductivityofteaplants.Inthe1970s,someofthesideeffectsofthenationalizationofteaproduction,suchastheneglectofagriculturalproductionpractices,ledtoadeclineinproductivityintheprivatesector.Fuch,1989.AsaSriLankanrain-fedcrop,theoptimalgrowthoftheteaindustrylargelydependsontheclimate.TherelationshipbetweenclimateandteaproductionhasbeendiscussedbymanyresearcherssuchasDevanathan,1975;

KandiahandThevadasan,1980;

CarrandStephens,1992.Thefindingsof//.ERATNEinhisreportonwater,airandsoilpollutionaredifferentfromthenationalreportsofSriLanka,1994.Thissituationcanbeattributedtodifferentmodelsusedinpredictingteayield.Theincreaseintemperaturecanincreasetheteayieldandisgenerallyaccepted.Andthisrelationshipisusedbymanymodels.However,recentresearchhasshownthat,athighertemperaturephysicalenvironments,temperaturesgreaterthan25to26degreesCelsiusincreaseteaproduction.SeveredroughtbroughtunavoidablelossestotheteaindustryandeventotheentireeconomyofSriLanka.Theconsequencesofthedroughtin1983and1992aregood

examplesofCentralBank,1983;

1992.Thedroughtin1992reducedtheproductivityoftheteaindustryby26%comparedto1991.Atthesametime,thishasalsoincreasedthecostofproductivityby19%,whichhasreducedtheforeignexchangerevenueofthecountrybynearly30billionrublesby70millionU.S.dollars.Theoverallproductivityin1991and1992was240.7kg,whichisthelowestproductivityrecordedsincethe1950s.Thesedatashowthatthereisalotofdamagecausedbythedeteriorationoftheclimate.

Alargeamountofrainfallhasalsobeenlostthroughthesoil.Thelackofsunlighthasledtolowproduction.Theincreaseintheincidenceofdiseaseshascausedtremendousdamagetoteaproduction.Duetolackofsoilcoverage,inthefirsttwoyears,someteafieldswithveryweaksoilsurface,repairedteafields,andsomenewteafieldsareeasilyaffectedbysoilerosion.InSriLanka,ithasbeenestimatedthattheskinofteagrowingareaslargerthan30cmhasbeenlost,especiallyinthehighlandsKrishnarajah,1985.Landslidesandlandslidesalsohaveanegativeimpactonplantingandcanalsoharmthelivesofworkersworkingonslopes.

Climatechangeandmethods

Accordingtotheclimatechangerecord,by2100,theconcentrationofcarbondioxideintheglobalatmosphereandtheriseintemperaturewillbeintherangeof600to700ppmand1.0to3.5degreesCelsius,

respectively.

Theinfluenceofenvironmentalfactorsonteayieldandgrowthcoefficientwasanalyzedinthisstudy,usingmainlyclimatefactorsandannualchangesintheyieldcoefficientoftea.Therelationshipbetweenclimatefactorsandtheyieldcoefficientofteaisanalyzedbylinearregression.

Conclusionsanddiscussions

Aspreviouslydescribed,teaproductionislargelyaffectedbyclimateduetothelackofirrigation.Teagrowswellinthetemperaturerangeof18to25degrees.Carl,1972;

Watson,1986.Agooddistributionofrainwater,about1300to1400mmperyear,issufficientforthegrowthofteainSriLanka.Ithasbeenreportedthatannualrainfallofaround2500to3000mmcanleadtooptimalteaplanting（Fuch,1989;

Watson,1986）.InSriLanka,therearelargedifferencesintemperatureandrainfallindifferentregions.

Althoughtherelationshipbetweentemperatureandteayieldsshowsthattheincreaseinrainfallandtemperaturewillleadtoanincreaseinteaproduction,recentstudieshavefoundthatthehighertemperaturephysicalenvironmentisgreaterthan25to26degreesCelsius,theyieldcomponentoftea（shoots）Thedensity,weightanddilutionratewilltendtodecreaseasthetemperatureincreases.

Inthelow-growthareaoftea,600metersabovesealevel,the

averageairtemperatureisgenerallyhigherthan25degreesCelsius,andthedevastationoflargedroughtsisevengreater.Thenegativeimpactofclimatechangeintheseregionswillbegreaterthanexpected.However,mostoftheteaintheseareaswillenterthemarket（Figure4）.Moreover,inthelowlandsofruralareas,mostsmallfactoriesareconcentrated.

Theimpactofdroughtonteacultivationiswellknown.Thechangeintemperature,thelossofsoilmoisture,andthelossofwatervaporpressurecausedalargeamountofwaterloss,resultingingrowthdelays.Lowlandexperimentalresultsshowthat,attemperaturesgreaterthan26degreesCelsius,wheresoilmoisturelossisgreaterthan30to50millimeters,andsaturatedwatervaporpressurelossisgreaterthan1.2kPA,vegetativelypropagatedteayieldsarenegativelyaffected.Giventheseconclusions,itcanbeinferredthattheexpectedclimatechangeinSriLanka,suchasrisingtemperaturesandadrierclimate,willnotbeconducivetotheproductionoftea.

Inashorttime,extremerainfalleventscanalsocauseincalculabledamageduetosoilerosion.Thedestructionoffertilesoil,thedeclineofrainwaterstoragecapacity,theexposureofhardsoillayers,theexposureofroots,andthereductionofmicrobialactivityareallnegativeconsequencesofsoilerosion,andarenotconducivetothegrowthandyieldoftea.Withthelossofsoilepidermis,thecultivatablesoilwillbecomebaldorunproductiveland,andtheselandscannotbeusedfortea

replantingorforotheragriculturalpurposes.Moreover,therestorationoftheselandstakesaverylongtimeandmostlikelyitisuneconomical.Inaddition,duetothelackofsunlightandtheincreasedincidenceofdiseases,forexample,teatreesalsoreducegrowthduetoheavyrainfall.Obviously,inSriLanka,theexpectedclimatechange,suchasthecyclicalwarmseason,droughtandunstablerainfall,willundoubtedlyaffecttheteaindustry.Tealeavesneeduniformrainfalldistributiontoensurecontinuousproductivity.Althoughincreasesinatmosphericcarbondioxidelevelsenhancephotosynthesis,thisbeneficialeffectcannotbeusedtocompensatefortheexpectedadverseeffectsdueto,forexample,hightemperaturesandpoorsoilconditions.

Today,morethan50%ofSriLanka'

steafieldsarepoorlyplantedwithsoilcover.Althoughtheseseedsgraduallyadapttoenvironmentalpressures,theirabilitytowithstanddryweatherisdeterioratingduetopoorsoilqualityandunskilledmanagement.Mostoftheselandsareplantedalongslopes（butnotoncontours）andarethereforeeasilyaffectedbysoilerosion.

Recentstudieshaveshownthatevenifitissowingteamountains,duetopoorshadingconditionsandpoorsoilqualitywillnotbeabletoavoidtheeffectsofdrought.Therefore,thesowingofteamountainswillalsobeinestimableduetoclimatechange.Shadingis