wxdl.docx

wxdl.docx

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wxdl

Plot:

anarrativestructurethatdividedastoryintofiveparts,likethefiveactsofaplay.Thesepartsare:

exposition（ofthesituation）;risingaction（throughconflict）;climax（orturningpoint）;fallingaction;andresolution.

storyasthechronologicalsequenceofevents

plotasthecausalandlogicalstructurewhichconnectseventsForster'sexamplestoillustratethedifferencebetweenstoryandplotare:

Tickets,PleaseAtaglance:

Author:

D.H.Lawrence

TypeofPlot:

PsychologicalTimeofWork:

WorldWarI

Setting:

TheEnglishMidlandsCharacters:

AnnieStone,JohnThomas“Coddy”Raynor,NoraPurdyetc.

Majorsubjects:

battlebetweensexes;destructionofculture

☐Characters:

thepeopleinthestory

☐Characterization:

theprocessbywhichthewritermakesthecharacterseemrealtothereader

CharacterTypesaccordingtoE.M.Forster:

Roundcharacters--

Complexandmulti-dimensional

Inconsistentandunpredictable

Hardtosummarizeandunderstand

Displayinternalconflictsfoundinrealpeople

☐Flatcharacter

⏹Embodies1or2qualities,easilysummarized;

⏹Notpsychologicallycomplexandthuseasilyaccessibletothereader;

⏹Canbestockorstereotype

acharacterwhopossessestheexpectedtraitsofagroupratherthanbeinganindividual

CharacterFunction

Majorcharacter

PROTAGONIST:

Thisisthechiefcharacterinaworkonwhomourinterestcenters.Thistermispreferableoverthetermsheroorheroinebecauseaprotagonistcansometimesincludecharacterswhomightbe,forexample,villainousorweak（butcharacterswhomwearestillinterestedinorconcernedaboutregardlessoftheirflawsincharacter）.

ANTAGONIST:

Thisisthecharacterorforcewhichopposes（literally“wrestles”）themaincharacter;therefore,iftheprotagonistispittedagainstanimportantopponent,thatopponentiscalledtheantagonist.

Minorcharacter

FoilsStereotypedThepieceoffurniture

☐CharacterBehavior

☐Staticcharacter

⏹Doesn’tchangeasaresultofwhathappenstohiminthestory;

⏹Thereader’sknowledgeofhimdoesnotgrow.

☐Dynamic（Active）character

⏹Undergoessomekindofchangeasaresultofactionintheplot;

⏹Mustbeasubstantivechangeratherthanamoodchange.

☐Characterization

☐Direct（telling）

⏹Thewritertellswhatkindofpersonthecharacteris.

⏹Myfatherwas,Iamsure,intendedbynaturetobeacheerful,kindlyman….Hehadatthattimenonotionoftryingtoriseintheworld.（27）

☐Indirect（showing）

⏹Thewriterpresentsthecharacterinactionandallowsthereadertoinferwhatkindofpersonthecharacteris.

☐Tobemorespecific,

☐IndirectCharacterization

Thisistheangleorpositionfromwhichthestoryistold.Therearetwobasicpointsofviewforstorytelling:

⏹thefirst-personpointofview

⏹thethird-personpointofview

3variants:

⏹Omniscientpointofview（第三人称）全知视角

⏹limitedomniscient（第三人称）有限视角

⏹objective/dramatic纯客观/戏剧叙事视角

tonereferstotheauthor'sattitude（asnarrator）towardthesubjectofthestoryandthereadersofthestory.

Styleinliteratureistheliteraryelementthatdescribesthewaysthattheauthoruseswords—theauthor'swordchoice,sentencestructure,figurativelanguage,andsentencearrangementallworktogethertoestablishmood,images,andmeaninginthetext.Styledescribeshowtheauthordescribesevents,objects,andideas.

Themeisthecentral,underlying,andcontrollingideaorinsightofaworkofliterature.

theideathewriterwishestoconveyaboutthesubject—thewriter’sviewoftheworldorarevelationabouthumannature.

PoetryDefined

TypesofPoetry

☐PoeticStructure

☐GraphicElements

☐SoundDevices

☐Voice:

“Voice”isthespeakerinapoem.“

☐Dictionisthechoiceofwordsapoetusestobringmeaningacross.Inworkingthroughapoem,itisusefultoquestionwhyacertainwordisused,andwhatkindofeffectisachievedwiththechoiceandplacementoftheword.

☐Analyzeawordbyitsliteralmeaningfirst,thenstatewhetherthereisanimpliedmeaningbasedonitscontext.

☐DenotationandConnotation

Denotation-thestrictdictionarymeaningofaword.

Connotation-theemotionalandimaginativeassociationsurroundingaword.

Example:

Youmayliveinahouse,butweliveinahome.

☐AttheSanFranciscoAirport

ByYvorWinters（1900–1968）

☐Tomydaughter,1954

☐……

☐Thisistheterminal,thebreak.

☐Beyondthispoint,onlinesofair,

☐Youtakethewaythatyoumusttake;

☐AndIremaininlightandstare—

☐Inlight,andnothingelse,awake.

☐“ThereisnoFrigatelikeaBook”

byEmilyDickinson（1830-1886）

☐ThereisnoFrigatelikeaBook快速舰船

☐TotakeusLandsaway

☐NoranyCourserslikeaPage骏马

☐OfprancingPoetry–

☐ThisTraversemaythepooresttake横越

☐WithoutoppressofToll–

☐HowfrugalistheChariot战车

☐ThatbearstheHumanSoul–

☐“London”byWillianBlake

☐Iwanderthro’eachcharter’dstreet,

Nearwherethecharter’dThamesdoesflow.

AndmarkineveryfaceImeet

Marksofweakness,marksofwoe.

☐ThomasPaine:

”Itisaperversionoftermstosay,thatachartergivesrights.Itoperatesbyacontraryeffect,thatoftakingrightsaway.”

☐Connotationsof“charter’d”:

exclusion;theannullingofrights;negativeoperation;giving,selling,andbuyingfreedom.

☐IneverycryofeveryMan,

IneveryInfantscryoffear,

Ineveryvoice:

ineveryban,

Themind-forg’dmanaclesIhear

☐Every:

allincluded,noexception

☐Ban:

constrict,deny,prohibit,punish

☐Mind-forg’d:

ideologicalimprisonment

☐HowtheChimney-sweeperscry

Everyblack’ningChurchappalls,

AndthehaplessSoldierssigh

RunsinblooddownPalacewalls

☐black’ningChurch:

1）blackenedbylong-timesmoking;2）blackenedbybrutalexploitation,lossofpurity,lossofinnocence

☐Thesighingsoldiermetaphoricallystainsthepalacewallwithhisblood,sighbeingawarntothepeoplewholiveinthepalacewalls.

☐Butmostthro’midnightstreetsIhear

HowtheyouthfulHarlotscurse

Blaststhenew-bornInfantstear

AndblightswithplaguestheMarriagehearse

☐thecycleofmiseryrecommences.Sexualandmaritalunion—theplaceofpossibleregenerationandrebirth—aretaintedbytheblightofvenerealdisease.

☐“Marriagehearse”:

avehicleinwhichloveandhappinesscombinewithdeathanddestruction.

☐Imagery

☐Imageryisthepaintingofpicturesinthereader’smindthroughtheuseoflanguage.

☐Becausepoetryissuchacondensedformoflanguage,poetstendtomakegreateruseofimagerythannovelists.

☐JoyceKilmer

t

ttt

rrrr

rrrrrr

eeeeeeeee

?

?

?

☐eecummings

l（a

le

af

fa

ll

s）

one

l

iness

☐SiestaofaHungarianSnake

sszszSZszSZszSZzsSZzszsz

☐C.1968

☐EdwinMorgan（b.1920）

☐InaStationoftheMetro

☐Theapparitionofthesefacesinthecrowd;

☐Petalsonawet,blackbough.

☐EzraPound

☐InaStationoftheMetro

☐TheRedWheelbarrow

☐天净沙.秋思马致远

☐“Sonnet130”byWilliamShakespeare

☐Mymistress’eyesarenothinglikethesun;

Coralisfarmoreredthanherlips’red;

Ifsnowbewhite,whythenherbreastsaredun;

Ifhairsbewires,blackwiresgrowonherhead.

☐visualimages:

Thissonnetcomparesthespeaker’slovertoanumberofotherbeauties—andneverinthelover’sfavor.Hereyesare“nothinglikethesun,”herlipsarelessredthancoral;comparedtowhitesnow,herbreastsaredun-colored,andherhairsarelikeblackwiresonherhead.

☐Ihaveseenrosesdamask’d,redandwhite,

ButnosuchrosesseeIinhercheeks;

Andinsomeperfumesistheremoredelight

Thaninthebreaththatfrommymistressreeks.

☐Inthesecondquatrain,thespeakersayshehasseenrosesseparatedbycolor（“damasked”）intoredandwhite,butheseesnosuchrosesinhismistress’scheeks;andhesaysthebreaththat“reeks”fromhismistressislessdelightfulthanperfume.

☐Ilovetohearherspeak,yetwellIknow

Thatmusichathafarmorepleasingsound;

IgrantIneversawagoddessgo;

Mymistress,whenshewalks,treadsontheground:

☐Inthethirdquatrain,headmitsthat,thoughheloveshervoice,music“hathafarmorepleasingsound,”andthat,thoughhehasneverseenagoddess,hismistress—unlikegoddesses—walksontheground.

☐Andyet,byheaven,Ithinkmyloveasrare

Asanyshebeliedwithfalsecompare.

☐Inthecouplet,however,thespeakerdeclaresthat,“byheav’n,”hethinkshisloveasrareandvaluable“Asanyshebeliedwithfalsecompare”—thatis,anyloveinwhichfalsecomparisonswereinvokedtodescribethelovedone’sbeauty.

☐Thissonnet,oneofShakespeare’smostfamous,playsanelaboratejokeontheconventionsoflovepoetrycommontoShakespeare’sday,anditissowell-conceivedthatthejokeremainsfunnytoday.Sonnet130mocksthetypicalPetrarchanmetaphorsbypresentingaspeakerwhoseemstotakethematfacevalue,andsomewhatbemusedly,decidestotellthetruth.

☐IntroductiontoLiterature（12）

☐HaoGuilian,Ph.D.

☐YunnanNormalUniversity

☐Fall,2015

☐FiguresofSpeech

☐Figuresofspeecharetoolsthatwritersusetocreateimages,or“paintpictures,”inyourmind.

☐Similes,metaphors,andpersonificationarethreefiguresofspeechthatcreateimagery.

☐Simile

☐Asimilecomparestwothingsusingthewords“like”or“as.”

☐Comparingonethingtoanothercreatesavividimage.

☐Metaphor

☐Ametaphorcomparestwothingswithoutusingthewords“like”or“as.”

☐Givesthequalitiesofonethingtosomethingthatisquitedifferent.

☐Personification

☐Personificationgiveshumantraitsandfeelingstothingsthatarenothuman–likeanimalsorobjects.

☐“Iliketoseeitlapth