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文献翻译

英文翻译

分　院　海运学院

专业航海技术　　

届别2011届

学号106090057

姓名赵午阳

指导教师马小方

2014年11月25日

<文献翻译一：

原文>

InfluenceofscientificmanagementprinciplesonISMCode

EnderAsyali,SedatBastug

ContentslistsavailableatScienceDirect,SafetyScienceG8（2014）121-127

Abstract

Taylor'sprinciplesofscientificmanagementhavenotonlychangedthewaypeopleworkedinthe20thcenturybutalsoaffectmanycontemporarymanagementpractices.Asaresponsetotheveryseriousmaritimeaccidentsencounteredinthelate7980s,theInternationalMaritimeOrganization（IMO）adoptedtheInternationalManagementCodefortheSafeOperationofShipsandforPollutionPrevention（theISMCode）.TheISMCodeisasystematicmanagementapproachtowardssafetythroughtheeliminationofbothhumanerrorandpoormanagementstandards.TheaimofthisstudyistoexplorereflectontheimpactofscientificmanagementontheISMCodeusingacontentanalysistechnique.ThepaperconcentratesonsomestudieswhichwereoriginallyproposedbyTayloristprinciplesandtheISMCode.Thethoroughreviewandanalysishasrevealedthatfunctionalsupervising,selectionandtrainingofpersonnel,managementcoordination,andscientificjobanalysisusingprinciplesofscientificmanagementarefoundtobevalidandinfluentialwithinthecontentofISMCode.

Keywords

Taylorism,ISMCode,Scientificalmanagement,Shipping,Contentanalysis

1.Introduction

1.1.Principlesofscientificmanagement

2011wasthe100thanniversaryofthepublicationofFrederickWindowTaylor's"ThePrinciplesofScientificManagement"whichisacceptedas"Themostinfluentialbookonmanagementeverpublished."（BedeianandWren,2001）.Taylor,oneofthemostwellknownandimportantmanagementpioneers（HeamesandBreland,2010）hasnotonlychangedthewaypeopleworkedinthe20thcenturybutalsoaffectedmanycontemporarymanagementpractices（Peaucelle,2000;Martin,1995）aswellasmanagementeducation（Schachter,2010）.Taylor'sscientificmanagementrevolutionizedindustryandhelpedshapemodernorganization（1

Taylorintroducedasystematicandscientificapproachtomanagement.Hehasfavored"thesystem"over"theman"andmentionedthat"Inthepastthemanhasbeenfirst;inthefuturethesystemmustbefirst（Taylor,1947）.TaylorconcludedhisbookThePrinciplesofScientificManagementwiththefollowingpassage:

"Itisnosingleelement,butratherthiswholecombination,thatconstitutesscientificmanagement,whichmaybesummarizedas:

Science,notruleofthumb.Harmony,notdiscord.Cooperation,notindividualism.Maximumoutput,inplaceofrestrictedoutput.Thedevelopmentofeachmantohisgreatestefficiencyandprosperity".

Taylorproposedfourprinciplesofscientificmanagementthatcouldbesummarizedasfollows.Thesefourprinciplesarefocusedontheneedforcooperationandcollaborationbetweenmanagementandtheworker（HodgettsandGreenwood,1995）.

（1）Scientificjobanalysis:

Developascienceforeachelementofaman'swork,toreplacetheoldrule-of.-thumbmethod.

（2）Selectionandtrainingofpersonnel:

Scientificallyselectandthentrain,teach,anddeveloptheworkman.Inthepasthechosehisownworkandtrainedhimselfasbesthecould.

（3）Managementcooperation:

Heartilycooperatewiththemensoastoinsurealloftheworkbeingdoneisinaccordancewiththeprinciplesofthesciencewhichhavebeendeveloped.

（4）Functionalsupervising:

Thereisanalmostequaldivisionoftheworkandtheresponsibilitybetweenmanagementandtheworkmen.Themanagementtakesoveralltheworkforwhichtheyarebetterfittedthantheworkmen.Thisisinsharpcontrasttothepastwherealmostalloftheworkandthegreaterpartoftheresponsibilitywerethrownuponthemen.

1.2.Internationalsafetymanagementcode

TheISMCodeisinspiredbyqualitymanagementandintroducesasystematicapproachtoeverypartoftheorganizationbothashoreandonboard（Kristiansen,2005）.TheobjectivesoftheCodearetoensuresafetyatsea,preventionofhumaninjuryorlossoflife,andavoidanceofdamagetotheenvironment,inparticulartothemarineenvironmentandtoproperty（ISMCode1.2.1）.Safetymanagementobjectivesofthecompanyshouldprovideforsafepracticesinshipoperationandasafeworkingenvironment;assessallidentifiedriskstoitsships,personnelandtheenvironmentandestablishappropriatesafeguards;andcontinuouslyimprovesafetymanagementskillsofpersonnelashoreandaboardships,includingpreparingforemergenciesrelatedbothtosafetyandenvironmentalprotection（ISMCode1.2.2）.Thesafetymanagementsystemshouldensure;compliancewithmandatoryrulesandregulations;andthatapplicablecodes,guidelinesandstandardsrecommendedbytheOrganization,administrations,classificationsocietiesandmaritimeindustryorganizationsaretakenintoaccount（ISMCode1.2.2）.

2.Researchmodelandmethodology

Thereviewfocusesonstudiesmadeduringthelast17years,from1995to2012.ItincludesstudiesonScientificManagementandtheISMCodewhereorganizationtechniqueshavebeenstudiedthroughmanagerialbehaviors.Withthisscopeinmind,theauthorsconductedasearchusinglibrarydatabasescoveringthemajorjournals.

Whileallarticleshavebeenselectedfromvariouselectronicdatabases,theauthorsspecificallyfocusedontheimpactfactorofjournals.Theimpactfactor（IF）ofanacademicjournalisameasurereflectingtheaveragenumberofcitationstorecentarticlespublishedinthatjournal.Iftheimpactfactorexceeds1,itwillhaveagreatereffectonliterature.Inthosecaseswheretheimpactfactorislessthan1,therewillbesmallaffect.

3.Conclusion

ThedatashowthatseveralkeyparallelsareevidentbetweenscientificmanagementandISMCode,because,theyhavesimilarcodingfrequenciesalongsideNvivocodingmentalityasshowninTables5and6.Forexample,ahigh-trustbasedrelationshipbetweenmanagersandemployeesisanimportantpreconditionforeffectiveemployeeparticipationonthesocialrelationslevel.Moststudiespointoutthattrustemergeswhenmanagersvaluetheiremployeesandshowlong-terminterestintheircareer.Theytypicallyentrustemployeeswithahighdegreeofdiscretionintheirjobsandshowlong-termobligationtowardsthem.Whenworkersareofferedsuchsocialconditionstheyreciprocatebyshowingpersonalcommitmenttotheirjob,whichamongotherconsequencespromotestheirparticipationinmanagementofrisk.Thus,thecodingfrequencyinthetopic"functionalsupervising"forbothconceptshasahighdensityasaresultofcontentanalysis.

Secondly,astudyconductedbyBhattacharyahasshownthatmanagersofshippingcompaniesrevealedtheirperceptionofseafarers'lackoffamiliaritywiththeirworkplace.Thecaptainandcrewcanbereplacedallthetimeandthatleadstolackoffamiliarityofvessel.Torectifythis,thestandardproceduresoftrainingsshouldbefollowedtomaintainthesafeoperationofthevessel.AsdescribedinthecharacteristicsofTaylorism,extensivedivisionoflabordefinedjobsaredescribedintheISMCodebookofshippingcompaniesandtheseparationofplanningandtrainingisclearlyidentifiedinthatmanual.Tayloristscientificallyjobanalysisrequiresmanagerstomaintainnecessaryproceduresforcertainjobsandthattrainingswouldincreasetheoutputofindividualproductionofpersonnel.Thus,theoverallresultsoftheanalysiscarriedoutthroughthisstudyimplythatthecodingfrequenciesarereallyhighforbothtopics"scientificjobanalysis"and"selectionofpersonnelandtrainingofpersonnel".However,thetopic"selectionofpersonnelandtrainingofpersonnel"inTaylorismislowerthanISMCode,because,TaylorunderestimatesthemeaningofhumanmotivationasopposedtotheconceptofISMCode.Taylorassumedthatthenatureofman'smotivationisessential,butheclaimedthatmancouldandwouldbemotivatedbytheprospectofearningmore.So,Taylorcompletelyneglectsthepsychologicalaspectsofthepersonnel.

WhiletheTayloristconceptdictatesclosesupervisionandhighlyhierarchicalmanagementapparatusonmanagers,shippingcompanymanagersmostlycomplainthatalltheireffortstomakeSMSeffectivearenotwellsupportedbytheirseagoingcolleagues.Thisfrictionleadsthemtofindwaystomakeseafarersmorecompliantwiththecompany'sSMS.Archiveddocumentsandcorrespondencesuggeststhatmanagersuseseveralwaystodoso.Duringtheprocessofcheckingthearchiveddocuments（logbooksandchecklists）auditorsmayinterrogatetheofficerswheneverthereareinaccuracies.Interviewsandarchivedauditreportsclearlyshowsthatitspurposeislargelyconfinedtopaperworkverification.ThisisacloserelationwiththemaindisadvantageofTayloristconcept.

ThisstudysetouttoexaminetherelationshipbetweenscientificmanagementandISMCodefromacriticalperspectiveandtoillustratethecontinuedsignificanceofTaylor'sideaswithinmodernISMCode.Morespecifically,thepaperhassoughttoillustratetheTaylor'slegacyofideaswiththeconceptionofISMCode.

<文献翻译一：

译文>

ISM规则的科学化管理原理的影响

摘要：

科学化管理的泰勒原则，不仅改变了人们在20世纪的工作方式也影响到许多当代的管理实践。

作为对中后期遇到的非常严重的海上事故的响应，国际海事组织（IMO）通过了国际管理规范船舶安全营运和防止污染（ISM规则）管理规则。

ISM规则是通过消除人类错误和糟糕的管理标准，对安全有系统的管理办法。

本研究的目的是探讨反思科学管理对ISM规则的使用和内容分析技术的影响。

本文集中于最初提出的泰勒原则和国际安全管理规则的一些研究。

经过审查和分析表明，功能性监管，人员的培训和选择，管理方面的协调，要采用科学的管理原则，经过科学的工作分析，发现ISM规则的内容是有效和有影响力的。

关键词：

泰勒；ISM规则；如何科学管理；航运；内容分析；

1.引言

1.1科学管理的原则

2011年是FrederickWindowTaylor的“科学管理原理”出版被接受为“曾经出版过最具影响力的管理类书”100周年纪念日（Bedeian和雷恩，2001年）.Taylor，最知名和重要的管理先驱（Heames和Wren，2010）中的一个，不仅改变了人们在20世纪的工作方式也影响了许多现代管理实践（Peaucelle，2000Martin