英国社会与文化知识点试题.docx
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英国社会与文化知识点试题
chapter1Ageneralsurvey
1、UK全称:
Officialname
---theUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland.
----theUnitedKingdomoftheUK
每个nation的capital
Capitalcity
NationalEmblem
England
London
rose
Scotland
Edinburgh
Thistle蓟花
Wales
Cardiff加的夫
Daffodil水仙花
NorthernIreland
Belfast贝尔法斯特
Shamrock三叶草
2、NorthernIreland:
LoughNeagh:
thelargestlakeinBritainwhichcoversanareaof396k㎡（内伊湖）
3、Scotland:
BenNevis:
thehighestmountaininBritain（本尼维斯山）
4、Edinburgh:
1.thecapitalcityofScotland
2.economiccenterofScotland
3.atouristcitysecondonlytoLondoninUK（RoyalMiles&PrincesStreet）皇家英里大道&王子大街
（1）Edinburghcastle（十字皇宫）:
symbolofEdinburgh&situatedonamoundofVol
（2）Windsorcastle（温莎城堡）:
largestoccupiedcastle
（3）Holyroodpalace（荷里路德宫）：
theofficialresidence（住处）oftheMonarchoftheUnitedKingdominScotland,locatedatthebottomoftheRoyalMileinEdinburgh,attheoppositeendtoEdinburghCastle
Thestoneofdestiny命运之石
Coronationstone加冕石==referredtoinEngland
Referendum苏格兰公投
5、England
Mountain-thePennines（北乃恩山脉）
BackboneofthecentralNorthernEngland
LondonEast-poorWest-rich
importantriverinLondon：
Thames泰晤士河
LondonEye：
thelargestFerrisWheel摩天轮inEurope/
BigBen=ElizabethTowerthelargestfour-facedchimingclock
WestminsterAbbey威斯敏斯特教堂
PalaceofWestminster威斯敏斯特宫
HouseofParliament国会大厦
BuckinghamPalace白金汉宫
3、Furtherinformation
Nationalcurrency（本国货币）：
GBP=GreatBritainPound（英镑）
Nationalday：
Queen’sBirthday2ndSaturdayofJunesince1952实际=April21,1926
Nationalflag：
UnionFlagadoptedonJan1st1801
Nationalflower：
rose
Location：
WesternEurope
6、Geography（Q:
DescribethegeographicalpositionofBritain?
）
.Location
---LocatedoffthenorthwestcoastofEurope
---anislandcountrysurroundedbyfourseas
.tothesouthbytheEnglishChannel,whichseparatesitfromcontinentalEurope
.totheeastbytheNorthSea
.tothewestbytheIrishsea
.tothenorthbytheAtlanticOcean
7、Land&People
.veryunevenlydistributed:
90%urban10%rural
.Britainmultiracialsocietyand1in20peopleareofnon-Europeanethnicity
8、Climate:
aFavorableMaritimeClimate（海洋性气候）
Q:
.arainy,changeableandunpredictableweather
.mild（温和的）wintersandcoolsummers
.asteadyandreliable（稳定的）rainfallthroughouttheyear
.asmallrangeoftemperature（4-6℃inthenorthinWinter,and12-17℃inthesouthinsummer）
AndFactor影响因素.Thesurroundingwaters
Q:
.south-westwinds
.NorthAtlanticDrift（北大西洋漂流）
9、TheBritishIsles,GreatBritain,England,theUnitedKingdomandtheBritishCommonwealth
Officialname+TheBritishIsles
-----GreatBritain（England,Wales,Scotland）
-----NorthernIreland（alsoknownasUlster）
-----TheRepublicofIreland（alsotheIrishRepublic,formerlyEire）
-----Numeroussmallerislands
Chapter2.Government
1、政治体制--议会制君主立宪制
ConstitutionalMonarchy君主立宪制ParliamentaryDemocracy议会民主制
2、Monarch君主:
QueenElizabethⅡ
Born:
April21,1926QueensinceJune2,1952
Officiallytheheadofstate,thecountryisactuallyrun
BythegovernmentandledbythePrimeMinister
3、MagnaCarta（=GreatCharter）大宪章KingJohn（agreedin）1215
Q:
WhatpowersdoestheQueenhave?
-Shereignsbutdoesnotrule（临朝不理政）
Theoretically,sheisthesourceofallgovernmentpowers:
.anintegralpartofthelegislature
.headoftheexecutive,legislativeandjudiciarybranches
.thecommander-in-chiefofallarmedforcesoftheCrown
.”supremegovernor”oftheChurchofEngland
4、Parliament:
LegislativebodyLocatedinWestminster
Q:
ParliamentconsistsoftheSovereign,theHouseofLords&theHouseofCommons
Parliament（aFrenchwordforatalking-place）
.Femalesallowedtovoteuntil1918
.Aby-electionisheldwhenaMemberofParliamentdies,retiresorresigns（递补选举）
Q:
MainFunctionofParliament:
.tomakelaws
.tocontrolandcriticizetheexecutivegovernment
.tocontroltheraisingandthespendingofmoney
.todebatethemajorissuesoftheday
TheHouseofLords上议院
ConsistsoftheLordsSpiritual（神职议员）andthelordsTemporal（世俗议员）withtheLordchancellor（大法官）asthePresidentoftheHouse
TheheadoftheHouseofCommons--theSpeaker议长
NextonlytothePrimeMinister
HouseofCommonsnumberofmembers650
5.Executive行政
Executivebody:
theSovereign,PrimeMinister&Cabinet
No.10DowningStreet唐宁街10号
→Legislature-Parliament→HouseofLords（semi-political）
→HouseofCommons（Political）Monarch
（non-political）→Executive:
PrimeMinister&Cabinet（Political）
→Judiciary:
HouseofLords（non-political）
Chapter3GeneralElection&PoliticalParties
1.GeneralElection
（1）Theelectorate（选民，有选举权者）:
About99%ofthepopulation（excludingcriminals,insane（疯的）people,etc）intheUKhaverighttovote.
（2）Constituencies（选区）:
about650
（3）Thetermofaparliament:
5years
（4）Thepartywhichholdsamajorityoftheseatsinparliamentformsagovernment,withitspartyleaderasPrimeMinster
（5）InBritainthecitizensaged18oroverhavetherighttovote.
（6）InBritainacandidatemustbeatleast21oroverwiththedeposit（押金）of500pounds.
（7）TheUK’sFirst-Past-the-Post（简单多数票当选）electoralsystem.
Q:
Itwascoinedasananalogytohorseracing
1）.Thewinneroftheraceisthefirsttopassaparticularpointonthetrack.
2）.Allotherrunnersautomaticallyandcompletelylose.
3）.Itis“winner-takes-all”（赢者统吃）
4）.Thecandidatemustreceivethelargestnumberofvoteswins.
UnitedKingdomgeneralelection,2010
TheConservativeParty,ledbyDavidCameron,wonthelargestnumberofvotesandseatsbutstillfelltwentyseatsshort.Thisresultedinahungparliament（悬垂议会）wherenopartywasabletocommandamajorityintheHouseofCommons.Coalitiontalks（联合声明）beganimmediatelybetweentheConservativesandtheLiberalDemocratsandlastedforfivedays.OnTuesday11May,BrownannouncedhisresignationasPrimeMinister,makingtheendof13yearsofLabourgovernment.ThiswasacceptedbyQueenElizabethⅡ,whotheninvitedDavidCamerontoformagovernmentandbecomePrimeMinister
2.PoliticalParties
HistoryofPoliticalParties
---Priortothemid-19th:
TheTory（托利党）TheWhig（辉格党）
---Betweenthemid19thcenturyand1920s:
TheTories--theConservativeParty（保守党）
TheWhig--theLiberalParty（自由党）
---Post1920s:
TheConservativePartyTheLabourParty
Q:
.relativelyrichandprivileged
.thepartyofthecentral-right
.opposedtogreatchangesinsociety
.haveabeliefinprivateenterpriseandfreedomfromstatecontrol
.maintenanceoftheexistinginstitutionsasitspolicy
BigNames
.WinstonChurchill:
PM1940-1945&1951-1955
.MargretThatcher:
PM1979-1990
.DavidCameron:
PM2010-present
Q:
.relativelypoorandunderprivileged
.thepartyofcentral-left（thereformist,non-revolutionary）
.aimingatthenationalizationasthemeansofproductionanddistribution
.fewresourcesandheavilydependentonthetradeunions
.haveamajoreffectonUK’sNationalHealthService
BigNames
TonyBlair1997-2007GordonBrown2007-2010
EdwardMiliband2010-2015JeremyCorbyn2015-present
Chapter4Economy
Introduction:
1.Factoryoftheworld
2.BritishDisease---amockingterm
Q:
Whatis“BritishDisease”?
（1）atermusedtocharacterizeBritain’seconomicdeclineafterthewars.
（2）Britain’sslowgrowthofproductivity,soaringinflation,andlargeunemployment
3.amajordevelopedcapitalistcountry
4.6thlargesteconomyin2012
5.3periodsofBritaineconomicevolution
.Steadydevelopmentinthe50sand60s;
.Economicrecessioninthe70s;
.Economicrecoveryinthe80s;
.Bythe1880s,dominantintheworld,
*onethirdoftheworld’smanufacturedgoods
*halfitscoalandiron
*halfitscotton
.By1900,overtakenbyUSandGermany
6.ReasonsforRelativeDecline
Q:
WhatcausestherelativedeclineofUKEconomy?
（1）.heavilyintodebtinordertofinancethewar.
（2）.theeraoftheBritishEmpirewasover-decolonization殖民地独立（lossesofrawmaterial&market）.
（3）.militaryexpense（untiltheprocessofdecolonization
completedinthe1960s）.
$.lackedinvestmentinmodernequipmentandnewproducts.
$.lowratesofdomesticindustrialinvestment
$.highrateofoverseasinvestment
$.lackofacloserelationshipbetweenindustryandbanks.
Absolutedeclinea.Introduction
andrelativedeclineb.Reasonsforrelativedecline
Economyc.RecentHistory
ThecurrentPrimaryIndustries
UKeconomySecondaryIndustries
TertiaryIndustries
CasesAnalysisPositiveEffects
NegativeEffects
7.Primaryindustries--EnergyProduction
.5%ofnationalwealth
.Coal
.oilandgas:
NorthSea（declinesince1999）
.producerandexporter
.offshoreoilindustry
8.Secondaryindustries
*manufacturing（20%ofnationalwealth）
Pharmaceuticals（GlaxoSmithKline）,chemicals（ICI）
Aerospace航天（3rdlargestintheworld）
Electronicsindustry（4thlargestintheworld）
9.Tertiaryindustries
.Serviceindustries（65ofnationalwealth）
.Domesticactivity:
retailing,tourism
.Internationalservices（10%~70%）
.Financialandbusinessservices
10.LondonStockExchange（伦敦证券交易所）
In2010,amarketcapitalization（资本总额）ofUS$2.63trillion,madeitthefourthlargeststockexchangeintheworldandthelargestinEurope
Chapter5literature
1.OldEnglishPeriod（449-1066）
Background:
TheAnglo-SaxonsfromNorthernEuropebroughttheirlanguage,thebasisofModernEnglish,aswellasaspecificpoetictradition.
OldEnglishliteratureisalsocalledAnglo-SaxonLiterature.
✓Beowulf《贝奥武夫》:
thenationalepicoftheAnglo-Saxons
北欧大陆盎人迁移英格兰的英雄史诗，杀死海怪（seamonsterGrendel）
2.LateMedieval（中世纪）EnglishLiterature（1066-14thcentury）
difficultiesandcalamities（灾害）,suchasfamine,plague,andwar,（darkage）theBlackDeath
folkliterature（民间文学）
✓RobinHood《罗宾汉》
*GeoffreyChaucer杰弗里.乔叟-thefatherofEnglishpoetry（wisdom,humor,humanity）
✓TheCanterburyTales《坎特伯雷故事集》（26stories）
Itismadeupofaseriesofstoriestoldbypilgrims（朝圣者）toentertaineachotherontheirwaytotheChristianChurchatCanterbury
3.EnglishRenaissancePeriod（15thcentury-early17thcentury）
StaredinItaly
TheRenaissance-aFrenchwordwhichmeansrebirthorrevival
Humanism人文主义-theessence（本质）oftheRenaissance,thedignityofhumanbeing（人的尊严）&theimportanceofthepresentlife（珍惜当下）.
PeakofEnglishRenaissance:
ElizabethanDrama
英国文艺复兴时期的巅峰:
伊丽莎白戏剧
*WilliamShakespeare威廉·莎士比亚（1564-1616）
✓Tragedies:
RomeoandJuliet,Hamlet,Othello,KingLear李尔王,Macbeth麦克白
✓HistoricalPlays:
RichardⅢ,RichardⅡ,HenryⅣ,HenryⅤ
✓Comedies:
TheTamingoftheShrew悍妇,AMidsummerNight’sDream仲夏夜之梦,TwelfthNight,TheTempest,TheMerchantofVenice威尼斯商人
Sonnet十四行诗（Afourteen-linelyricpoemwithasingletheme,usuallywritteniniambicpentameter）抑扬格五步格诗
*ThomasMore托马斯.莫尔（1478-1535）
✓Utopia《乌托邦》
*JohnMilton约翰.弥尔顿（1608-1674）
✓ParadiseLost《失乐园》
*FrancisBacon弗兰西斯.培根
✓Essays《随笔》
4.TheNeoclassicalPeriod（新古典主义时期1660-1798）
*AlexanderPope亚历山大.蒲伯（1688-1744）
✓AnEssayonMan人论（=ParadiseLost）
*SamuelJohnson塞缪尔.约翰逊
✓TheDictionaryofEnglishLanguage/London（英语辞典）9
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