跨文化交际期末复习Word文档格式.docx

跨文化交际期末复习Word文档格式.docx

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择）

1）verbaldifferenee;

language,thoughtpatterns

2）Non-verbalcommunication;

body-language,timeconcept,spacious

Ianguage,paralanguage…

3）values;

worldviews,beliefs,attitudes…

Unit1后半

Culture

Culturecanbeseenassharedknowledge,whatpeopleneedtoknowinordertoactappropriatelyinagivenculture

Enculturation文化习得

Theprocessoflearningone'

sownculture

Acculturation文化适应

Adaptthecultureslearningbytheothercultures

Ps:

文化习得，文化适应需要对比

Ethnocentrism文化中心主义

Thinkyourcultureissuperiortotheothers

Whatarethethreeingreduentsofculture?

Products,behaviors,andideas.

Howtounderstandculturaliceberg?

Culturelikeanicebergcanbedividedintotwoparts:

cultureabovethewaterlineandculturebelowthewaterline.Cultureabovethewaterlineisexplicit,visible,tangible,easytochangewithtime,atipoftheiceberg.

to

Culturebelowthewaterlineisimplicit,invisible,intangible,hard

changewithtime,themajority

Whatarethecharacteristicofculture?

Cultureisdynamic,shared,learned,ethnocentric（文化中心主义）

Unit2

Source发出信息的人

Personwhosendoutinformation

Encoding编码

Theprocessofputtingyourthoughtsintosymbols

Message

Encodedthoughts

Channel渠道

Thewaythemessageisdelivered

Decoding解码

Assignameaningtothewords

Receiver

Personwhoattendstotheinformation

Context内容

Thephysicalenvironmentthatsurroundus

Whatarethethreecharacteristicsofcommunication?

（简答/选择）

Communicationistransactional（互换性）,dynamic,irreversible,

symbolic,systematicandcontextual.

Whatarethethreebasicaspectstocommunication?

Andonwhichaspectdoesthesuccessof

interpretationcommunicationgreatlydependon?

Ourindividualpersonality,thecultureweoperatein,thephysical

environmentthatsurroundsus.

Dependonthecultureweoperatein.

Unit2后半

VerbalInterculturalCommunication非言语行为

Peoplefromdifferentculturalbackgroundscommunicatewithother

peoplethroughIanguage

Pragmatics语言学

ThestudyoftheeffectthatIanguagehasonhumanperceptions（感知）

andbehavior

Shortanswerquestion

1.HowisChineseaddressingdifferentfromAmericanaddressing?

InChinese,thesurnameisputbeforethegivenname.

InAmerican,viceversa,thenameorder.

Inrecentyears,manyEnglish-speakingpeopletendtoaddressothersby

theirgivennames,evenwhenmeetingforthefirsttime.ButinChinese

wetendtoaddresseachotherwiththefullname.

AnothercommonChineseformofaddressistheuseofaperson'

stitle

office,orprofession

Therefore,onecanconcludethattheChinesecustomsofaddressingmemberswiththekinshipterms（亲戚关系）evennotrelatedbybloodor

marriage

2.Whoshouldbeintroducedfirstinthewest?

Thesenior,thefemale,theguest

3.HowisChinesehospitalitydifferentfromAmericanhospitality?

A:

InChina,aguestusuallyobservestheprincipleofavoidingbringingtroubletothehost.

InAmerican,incontrast,itisthehostwhotriestoavoidinterferinginguests'

freedomofactionbyleavingroomforthegueststomakechoices.

B:

TheChinesehostusuallygoestotroubletomakesurethereissomethingleftafterthemeal;

the“wastefuIness”ofthispracticehas

beencriticizedinAmerican,andsomeadvocateorderingmoresensiblequantities.

PS:

〔.appropriatetopics

2.responsetocomplaint

3.makeapology

Unit3

i.eJimSmith—UncleJim

文化定式

HowwouldAmericansmisunderstandtheChineseresponsestothe

compliments?

1」nthefirstcase,theimplicationwasthatthepraisorhadpoor

judgement

2.Thepraisorwasnotsincere

3.TheChinesewouldbesuspectedof“fishingforcompliments”

WhyaretheChinesereluctanttopayacompliment?

Aculturalassumption

alldaylongregardlessof

American,sotheytendtothankpeoplerelationship

2.TraditionalChinesecustomsdon'

trequirepeopletoexpressthanksfor

thesmallfavors

TheAmericanswouldthankyouallthewayforverysmallandmost

ordinarythings.

Unit4

Semantics语意学

Thestudyofthemeaningofwords

Denotation本义

Theliteral（字面意义）meaningordefinitionofaword-theexplict,particular,definedmeaning

Connotation延伸义

Extendedmeaningofassociatedmeanings,thesuggestive（隐含）

meaning.

Taboo禁忌语

Somewords,objectsoractionsthatyoushouldavoidinacertainculture.

Euphemism委婉语

Theactofsubstitutingamild,indirectorvaguetermforoneconsideredharsh,blunt,oroffensive

Whatarethe4majorverbaldifferencesbetweenChineseand

English?

1.AterminoneIanguagedoesn'

tnecessarilyhaveacounterpart（对等的

人事物）intheotherIanguage.

2.WordsortermsinbothIanguagesappeartorefertothesameobjectorconceptonlyonthesurface,butactuallyrefertoquitedifferentthings

3.Thingsorconceptsarerepresentedbyoneorperhapstwotermsinone

Ianguage,butbymanymoretermsintheotherIanguage,forexample,finerdistinctionsintheotherIanguage

4.Termshavemoreorlessthesameprimarymeaning,buthavesecondaryoradditionalmeaningsthatmaydifferconsiderablyfromeachother.

makesomeexamplesforthedifferences

Thethoughtpatternsofpeoplearoundtheworld

TheUnitedStatesweremorelinearanddirect

TheSemiticindividualssolvedproblemsusingacombinationof

tangentialandsemi-directapproaches,

Romaneeiscircuitous（迂回）approach

Russiansemployedacombinationofindirectandcircuitousapproaches

Unit5（选择为主）

Chroxemics时间学

Monochronictime=M-time单时性文化

Emphasisonschedules,segmentationandpromptness（efficiency）and

punctuality.Itfeaturesoneeventatatime.

Polychronictime=P-time多时性文化

practicedbymostotherpeoplesislessrigidandclock-bound.PeoplefromP-timeculturesscheduleseveralactivitiesatthesametime,and

timeforthemismoreflexibleandmorehuman-centered

Proxemics空间学

theperceptionanduseofspace

Kinesics身势学

morethanjusthandorarmgestures;

itreferstoanylittlemovementof

anypartofthebody

Paralanguage畐寸语言

Ianguageliesbetweenverbalandnonverbalcommunication.ItinvoIves

soundsbutnotwords,itmeansthesetofnonphonemicpropertiesofspeech,suchasspeakingtempo（节奏）,vocalpitch（音高）andintonationalcontours（语音语调）

WherearethedifferentfeaturesofM-timeandP-time?

M-time:

meanspayingattentiontoanddoingonlyonethingatatime.

P-time:

practicedbymostotherpeoplesislessrigidandclock-bound.

PeoplefromP-timeculturesscheduleseveralactivitiesatthesametime,andtimeforthemismoreflexibleandmorehuman-centered

l.touch/nontouchculture&

Iong/shortbodydistanee

1.eArab—touch/short

USA—nontouch/medium

2.seat—China:

facingthedoorisdistinguished

USA:

acrossingthecorner

Unit6

Whatisthediffereneebetweensexandgender?

书P120表6.1

Sex（生理性另廿）:

biological（生理的）,permanentandwithanindividualproperty

Gender（社会性另廿）:

socially-constructed,variedovertimeandacross

culturesandwithasocialandrelationalquality

Inall,genderandsexarenotsynonymous.

Whatarethetwoprimaryinfluencesonthesocialization?

1..familycommunication,particularlybetweenmotherandchildren

2.recreationalinteractionamongchildren

Unit7（以案例分析为主）

Identifythecontrastbetweenhigh-contextandlow-contextculture

andthenuseittointerpretthediffereneebetweenAmericanand

JapaneseorChinesenegotiatingstyle?

1.Negotiationatmosphere:

American:

efficient,professionalism（职业精神）andcompromise（妥协，

让步）

Japanese:

socializing,trust

Chinese:

socialization

2.Detail

American:

thefacts,writtenagreementsorcontrast

fewerspecificissuesandlessdetailoriented,briefwritten

agreements

generalwrittenagreements

3.Communicationstyle

moreinterestedinlogicalargumentsthaninthepeoplethey

aredealingwithdislikesilence

encouragecovert,fragmented

avoidopenlyconfrontconflict

4.Culturalvariationsinselectingnegotiators:

technicalexpertise:

youngernegotiatorsarecommon;

womenareincluded;

havingfullauthoritytomakedecisions

Japanese:

（Chinese）:

Status,knowledge,age,seniority

5.Problem-solvingProcess

universalproblemsolvers;

rationalthinkingandconcretedat