李艳灵的论文文档格式.docx

李艳灵的论文文档格式.docx

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学生姓名：

李艳灵

学号：

0412010314

指导教师：

周长军

2008年6月

Contents

Acknowledgements…...............................................................................................Ⅰ

Abstract...………..…………………………………………………………………Ⅱ

摘要…………………………………………………………………………………Ⅲ

1Introduction………………………………………………….……………………1

1.1IntroductiontotheAuthorandtheNovel.........................................…….……1

1.2PreviousStudyofTess’sTragedyandtheProblems…………..………………2

2TheAuthor’sConceptonFateandtheHeroine’sTragedy…………….………4

3AnalysisofTess’sTragedy…………………………………………………...……6

3.1AnalysisofTess’sFamily…………………………………..………………….6

3.2AnalysisoftheSocialBackground………………………...……………..……8

3.3AnalysisofTess’sCharacter…………………………………………….……12

3.4AnalysisoftheMaleFactorsinTess’sTragedy……………………...………14

4Conclusion………………………………………………………………..……....16

References…………………………………………………………………….……18

Acknowledgements

Theaccomplishmentofthisthesisresultsfromthehelpofmany:

HerebyIwouldliketoexpressrecognitionandgratitudetothosewhomadethisthesispossible.

Firstofall,Iamparticularlyindebtedtomysupervisor—ZhouChangjun,whosevaluableandconstructivesuggestion,comments,andencouragementsweregiventomethroughoutthedurationofwritingthisthesis.Itisagreathonorformetostudyunderhisguidance,fornotonlyhaveIbenefitedfromhisprofoundknowledge,butalsofromhismodestpersonalityandhisattitudestowardsacademicstudy.

Secondly,Iwouldliketoexpressmyheartfeltgratitudetootherprofessorsandteachers,whohaveinstructedandhelpedmealotinthepastfouryears.

Lastmythankswouldgotomybelovedfamilyfortheirunconditionalloveandsupportallthroughtheseyears.Ialsoowemysinceregratitudetomyfriendsandmyfellowclassmateswhoencouragedandhelpedmeinthepastfouryears.

Itisjustbecauseofthecontributionsofthesepeople,whethermentionedornot,thatthisthesisisabletobecompleted.Toeveryoneofthem,Igivemymostsincerethanks.

Abstract

ThomasHardywasoncecalled“ShakespeareinBritishnovel.”Helookedatthelifeinthevisionoftragedy;

Heexperiencedanddescribedpeople’ssufferingunderthefierceimpactoftwocivilizationsinatragicmethodanduniquemaleway;

HedescribedthepoorTess’sshortandunfortunatelifeinanepicway.Tess,adaughterofapoorvillagerwhodiscoversthatheisthedescendentofanancientfamilyD’UrbervillesispersuadedbyherparentstoclaimkindredwithamoreprosperousD’Urbervillesandisseducedbythemaster,Alec.Andthenshehastoreturnhomeindisgrace.Aftergivingbirthtoachildwhodiesininfancy,shemeetsAngelClare,sonofaclergyman,andshefailsinlovewithhimandmarrieshim.OntheirweddingnightTessandAngeltelleachotherabouttheirpast.AngelwhogetsthehypocriticalmoralitydesertsherbecauseofherseductionbyAlec;

thenpovertymakeshercomebacktoAlecagainandtragedyhappens.ThetragedyofTessisboththesocialtragedyandsimultaneouslyalsothedispositiontragedy.Hertragedy’soriginisnotonlyobjective,moreoverisalsosubjective.ThispapertellsusthatTessisthevictimofthebourgeoissocietyandcapitalistinvasionintotheEnglishpeasantry.Byanalyzingthefamily’spoverty,thesocialbackground,herowncharacter,injusticeandhypocrisy,themalechauvinismfactors,theauthor’sconceptonfate,etc,thispaperpresentsthemaincausesofTess’stragedy.

Keywords:

Tess;

tragedy;

socialbackground;

character;

victim;

law;

morality

摘要

托马斯·

哈代曾一度被评论家誉为“英国小说中的莎士比亚”。

他擅长于以悲剧的眼光审视人生，以悲剧性感悟方式和独特的男性话语去体验和刻画两种文明的激烈撞击给人们带来的现实苦难。

他用史诗般的文字描写了贫穷的农家女子苔丝短促而不幸的一生。

苔丝是一个贫穷农民的女儿,他的父亲获悉自己本是骑士世家德伯家的嫡系子孙,于是便派苔丝去附近一个富户德伯家认本家，从而遭遇到亚力克的引诱而失身，苔丝回家以后生下一个孩子，不久后夭折。

在农场做工的时候，他遇到了安琪儿—一个牧师的儿子，两个人很快坠入爱河并且订了婚，新婚之夜，苔丝向安琪儿坦白了自己的遭遇，可是安琪儿却未能原谅他，反而离开了他。

后来，贫穷再一次迫使苔丝回到了亚力克身边，于是悲剧发生了。

苔丝的悲剧不仅是社会的悲剧同时也是性格的悲剧。

他的悲剧不仅是客观的更是主观的。

这篇论文告诉我们苔丝是资产阶级社会和资本主义入侵农村的受害者。

导致主人公苔丝悲惨命运的原因是多方面的，如家庭、社会、宗教、不公平的法律、传统的伦理道德及自身的弱点等。

这篇论文通过分析19世纪的英国社会背景，苔丝的家庭背景，男权主义，苔丝自身的性格以及作者哈代的宿命观来挖掘造成苔丝悲惨命运的主要原因。

关键词：

苔丝；

悲剧；

社会背景；

性格；

受害者；

法律；

道德

1Introduction

1.1IntroductiontotheAuthorandtheNovel:

ThomasHardyisanoutstandingrealitywriterinVictorianera.Hehassuperiorintelligenceandtraditionalfeelings,buthisviewisgloomyandmelancholy.Heisconvincedthattheconflictbetweenhumannaturewhichisinternal,externalandsubjectiveandnatureorthesocialenvironmentwhichisobjectiveisinevitable.Sonofamason,ThomasHardywasbornnearDorchester,theareathatlaterbecamethefamous“Wessex”inmanyofhisnovels.At16,hewasapprenticedtoalocalarchitect,butarchitecturewasneverhisdesiredprofession.Sohechangedtowritepoetry.Whenthatfailed,hebegantowritenovels.MostofhisnovelsaresetinWessexwhichisfictionalprimitiveandcruderuralregion.Theyareknowninanagriculturalsettingmenacedbytheforcesofinvadingcapitalism.

TessoftheD’Urbervilles:

Apurewoman,publishedin1891,isoneofthebestandmostpopularworksbyHardy.Ittellsalovetragedyofaseducedruralgirl.Tess,apoorpeasantgirlbroughtupwiththetraditionalideaofwomanlyvirtues,persuadedbyhermother,shegoestoclaimkindredwithamoreprosperousbranchoftheD’Urbervillesfamily.Andtheresheisseducedbytheyoungmasterofthehouse,Alec,andthenhastoreturnhomeindisgrace.Aftergivingbirthtoachildwhodiesininfancy,shemeetsAngelClare,sonofaclergyman,andshefailsinlovewithhimandmarrieshim.OntheirweddingnightTessandAngeltelleachotherabouttheirpast.AfterhearingTess’sconfession,AngelleavesherabruptlyforBrazil.PovertyforcesTesstoworkatafarmFlintcombAshwheresheisinsultedandill-treatedbymaster.Thenherfather’sdeathandtheexpulsionofherfamilyfromtheircottagedrivehertoseekforassistancefromAlec,andthelaternowapreacher,soonresumeshisformerillicitrelationswithher.AngelClarereturnsrepentantandreadytobereconciledtoTess,butthegirlfindsthatherlivingwithAlechindersherfromreturningtoAnge1.ShekillsAlecandisspeedilyarrested,triedandhanged.WithTess’sdeaththetragedyends（Chen,2000:

69）.

ThroughthemoldingofTess,Hardyshowsthefemale’stragicfateundertheruleofmaleandexposesthehypocrisyofmoralandreligiousinBritishsocietyof19thcentury,alsoshowsstronghumanitarianspiritandstrongsenseofpessimism.

Fromaclosestudyofthenovel,wecanfind:

Tessisbeautiful,pure,honest,kind-hearted,hard-working,brave,self-sacrificeandself-resistance.Thereforesheisatypicalvictimofthatsociety,itspovertyofherfamilyforcesTesstoclaimkindredwithAlecandfinallybeseduced.AngelwhogetsthehypocriticalmoralitydesertsherbecauseofherseductionbyAlec;

thosetwomen:

onerobedhervirginityandpurity,andtheotherabductedherLoveintheweddingnightandabandonedher,whileobviouslytheyarerivals,buttogethertheypromotehertothefinaldestruction.

ThenpovertymakeshercomebacktoAlecagainandtragedyhappens.Thefamily’spoverty,socialcruelty,injusticeandhypocrisymakehertragicfate.ThetragedyofTessisboththesocialtragedyandsimultaneouslyalsothedispositiontragedy.Hertragedy’soriginisnotonlyobjective,moreoverisalsosubjective.Tessisabrand-newwomanmodelwhichHardymolds.Shehasthedualdispositions.Ontheonehandshedarestorevoltagainstthetraditionalvirtuesandthefalsereligion;

Ontheotherhandshecannotgetridofthetraditionalvirtuesthoroughlytoownfetters.

ThroughtheanalysisofTess’stragicfate,thispapergivesreadersadeeperunderstandingofHardy’stragedycriticalrealismworks.

1.2PreviousStudyofTess’sTragedyandtheProblems

Inmanyyears,theimageofheroineTessenjoyspopularsupportandisimpressive.TheauthorHardyalsobecametheoutstandingrealitywriterforthismasterpiecein19th-centuryEnglandandhadfar-reachingimpactonfuturegenerations.

OntheanalysisofTess’stragicfate,therearemanyrelatedarticlesathomeandabroad,forexample,inHeHongweiandHuangMujian’spaper（2007:

46）,theythinkthatinTess’stragedy,Angel’sruthless;

Tess’sviewofloveandmalechauvinisminVictorianeracausedhertragicfate.However,theydidn’tmentionthesocialbackgroundandthepovertyofTess’sfamily,forthatarealsoveryimportantinTess’stragedy.InTheTragedyoftheSocialOriginsandSocialMirrorofTess’sTragedy,YuDongmeiwrotethattheheroine’stragedyistheresultofcomplicatedconflictbetweenthecharacterandenvironment.Thisprincipleisalsonotcomprehensive.YuYanhuaofDaqingNormalUniversity（2007:

38）consideredthattherootcauseofTess’stragedyissocialfactors.

However,thebenevolentseebenevolenceandthewiseseewisdom—differentpeoplehavedifferentviews.ButIthinkthatalloftheirviewsarenotcomprehensive,becauseanyformationofatragedyisimpossibletohaveoneortwofactors.InthenovelofTessofD’Urbervilles,theheroine’stragedyhavemanyfactors,notonlyobjectivefactors,suchasthesocialbackgroundandtheconceptofmalesupremacy,moresubjectivefactors,suchas,thegreedofTess’sparentsandTess’sowncharacter,besides,theauthorThomasHardy’stragicfateconceptisalsoindispensable.

2TheAuthor’sConceptonFateandtheHeroine’sTragedy

Fatalismis“thatviewoflifewhichsaysallactionsiscontrolledbythenatureofthingorbyfatewhichisagreatimpersonal,primitiveforceexistingthroughalleternityabsolutelyindependentofhum