英美文学史论总结.docx

英美文学史论总结.docx

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英美文学史论总结

ChapterITheRenaissancePeriod（14th-mid-17thC）

（a）.Renaissancereferstotheperiodoftransitionfromthemedievaltothemodernworld.Itwassparkedoffbyacombinationofhistoricalfactors.

（b）HumanismistheessenceoftheRenaissance.ThenewhumanisticlearningthatresultedfromtherediscoveryofclassicalliteratureisfrequentlytakenasthebeginningoftheRenaissanceonitsconscious,intellectualside.

（c）Thegreat16th-centuryreligiousrevolutioninEuroperesultedintheestablishmentoftheProtestantchurches.

（d）Thecontinuingdevelopmentoftrade,thegrowthofthemiddleclass,theeducationoftrade,thegrowthofthemiddleclass,theeducationforlaypeople,thecentralizationofpowerandofmuchintellectuallifeinthecourt,andthewideninghorizonsofexplorationgaveanewimpetus推动,促进anddirectiontoliterature.

（1）文艺复兴是从中世纪向近代过渡时期发生的欧洲许多国家的一场思想文化运动。

它是一些历史因素的合力作用下引发的，如对希腊的罗马古典文化的重新发现，宗教改革运动，地理和自然科学领域的探索，以及资本主义经济的扩张等。

（2）人文主义是文艺复兴的主要特征，它颂扬人性，强调以“人”为本，宣传人性解放，反对神秘主义的中古神权，反对野蛮和兽性。

（3）16世纪的宗教改革导致了新教的创立。

英格兰同罗马教皇的决裂最初源于国王亨利八世决定与其第一位妻子离婚但遭到教皇否决。

宗教教义的改革则发生在后来的爱德华六世和女王伊丽莎白一世统治期间。

（4）工商业持续发展，中产阶级逐渐壮大，非神职人员获得受教育的机会，王权巩固，宫廷成为文化生活的中心，以及海外扩张和科学探索日益拓展人们的视野，所有这些都为文学提供了新的推动力和发展方向。

威廉卡克斯顿首次将印刷术介绍到英国，使那里的出版迅速增加，随之而来的是印刷书籍的繁荣。

（1）.HumanismistheessenceoftheRenaissance.

（2）.Humanismfocusedontheimportanceofhumanbeing,andhumanvaluewasalsoreflectinginthehumanism.

（3）.ThebestrepresentativewritersandthinkersofhumanismwereShakespeare,MarlowandBaconintheRenaissanceperiod.

（4）.humanismcanbetracedbackto追溯AncienttimesandChaucerforeshowed预示thespriteofhumanism.（1是书上的。

剩下都是戴尔）

WhatistheprocessoftheEnglishRenaissanceliterature?

HowdidtheEnglishliteraturedevelopintheRenaissancePeriod?

HowdowegrouptheEnglishRenaissanceliterature?

ChapterIITheNeoclassicalPeriod（1660-1798）

问：

Whatisthebeliefoftheneoclassicistsaboutliterature?

Accordingtotheneoclassicists,allformsofliteratureweretobemodeledaftertheclassicalworksoftheancientGreekandRomanwriters（Homer,Virgil,andsoon）andthoseofthecontemporaryFrenchones.Theybelievedthattheartisticidealsshouldbeorder,logic,restrainedemotionandaccuracy,andthatliteratureshouldbejudgedintermsofitsservicetohumanity.（一考通同书一样）

问：

Accordingtotheneoclassicists,whatarethestandardsforliteratureduringtheneoclassicalperiod?

Neoclassicistshadsomefixedlawsandrulesforalmosteverygenre类型ofliterature.Proseshouldbeprecise,direct,smoothandflexible.Poetryshouldbelyrical,epical,didactic,satiricordramatic,andeachclassshouldbeguidedbyitsownprinciples.DramashouldbewrittenintheHeroicCouplets（iambicpentameterrhymedintwolines）;thethreeunitiesoftime,spaceandactionshouldbestrictlyobserved;regularityinconstructionshouldbeadheredtoandtypecharactersratherthanindividualsshouldberepresented.（一考通同书一样）

ChapterIIItheRomanticPeriod（1798-1832）

WhatisthehistoricalandculturalbackgroundofEnglishRomanticism?

A.Historically,itwasprovokedbytheFrenchRevolutionandtheEnglishIndustrialRevolution.

B.Culturally,thepublicationofFrenchphilosopherRousseau’stwobooksprovidednecessaryguidingprinciplesfortheFrenchRevolutionwhicharousedgreatsympathyandenthusiasminEngland;

C.Englandexperiencedprofoundeconomicandsocialchanges:

theEnclosureMovementandtheagriculturalmechanization;thecapitalistclassgraspedthepoliticalpowerandcametodominatetheEnglishsociety（一考通）

DefinitionofRomanticism[P157,P160]

1.Asahistoricalphaseofliterature,isgenerallysaidtohavebegunin1789withthepublicationofWordsworthandColeridge’sLyricalBalladsandtohaveendedin1832withSirWalterScott’sdeathandthepassageofthefirstReformBillintheParliament.ItwasfirststartedinGermany.

2.TheRomanticMovementexpressedamoreorlessnegativeattitudetowardtheexistingsocialandpoliticalconditions.

3.TheRomanticssawboththecorruptionandinjusticeofthefeudalsocietiesandthefundamentalinhumanityoftheeconomic,socialandpoliticalforcesofcapitalism.

4.Theleadingromanticthinkersdemonstratedastrongreactionagainstthedominantmodesofthinkingofthe18th-centurywritersandphilosophers.

5.Romanticismactuallyconstitutesachangeofdirectionfromattentiontotheouterworldofsocialcivilizationtotheinnerworldofthehumanspirit.

6.Romanticismtendstoseetheindividualastheverycenterofalllifeandallexperience.

CharacteristicsofRomanticliteratureinEnglishhistory.

TheRomanticperiodisanageofpoetryBlake,Wordsworth,Coleridge,Byron,ShelleyandKeatsarethemajorRomanticpoets.Theystartedarebellionagainsttheneoclassicalliterature,whichwaslaterregardedasthepoeticrevolution.WordsworthandColeridgewerethemajorrepresentativesofthismovement.Theyexplorednewtheoriesandinnovatednewtechniquesinpoetrywriting.Theysawpoetryasahealingenergy:

theybelievedthatpoetrycouldpurifybothindividualsoulsandthesociety.

TheRomanticsnotonlyextol赞美thefaculty才能ofimagination,butalsostresstheconceptofspontaneity自发性andinspiration灵感,regardingthemassomethingcrucial至关重要的fortruepoetry.

Thenaturalworldcomestotheforefrontofthepoeticimagination.Natureisnotonlythemajorsourceofpoeticimagery,butalsoprovidesthedominantsubjectmatter.Wordsworthistheclosesttonature.

Toescapefromaworldthathadbecameexcessivelyrational,aswellasexcessivelymaterialisticandugly,theRomanticswouldturntoothertimesandplaces,wherethequalitiestheyvaluedcouldbeconvincinglydepicted.Romanticsalsotendtobenationalistic,defendingthegreatpoetsanddramatistsoftheirownnationalheritageagainsttheadvocatesofclassicalruleswhotendedtoglorifyRomeandrationalItalianandFrenchneoclassicalartassuperiortothenativetraditions.

TotheRomantics,poetryshouldbefreefromallrules.Theywouldturntothehumblepeopleandtheireverydaylifeforsubjects;RomanticwritersarealwaysseekingfortheAbsolute,theIdealthroughthetranscendenceoftheactual.Theyhavealsomadeboldexperimentsinpoeticlanguage,versificationanddesign,andconstructedavarietyofformsonoriginalprinciplesofstructureandstyle.（小雨）

问：

Whatarethefeaturesofromanticpoetry?

TheRomanticperiodisanageofpoetry.Romanticpoetsstartedarebellionagainsttheneoclassicalliterature,whichwaslaterregardedasthepoeticrevolution.WordsworthandColeridgewerethemajorrepresentativesofthismovement.

Wordsworth’stheoryofpoetryiscallingforsimplethemesdrawnfromhumblelifeexpressedinthelanguageofordinarylife.

Imagination,definedbyColeridge,isthevitalfacultythatcreatesnewwholesoutofdisparateelements.

Thenaturalworldcomestotheforefrontofthepoeticimagination.Natureisnotonlythemajorsourceofpoeticimagery,butalsoprovidesthedominantsubjectmatter.

TheRomanticswouldturntoothertimesandplacestoescapefromaworldthathadbecomeexcessivelyrational,aswellasexcessivelymaterialisticandugly.

Romanticsalsotendtobenationalistic,defendingthegreatpoetsanddramatistsoftheirownnationalheritageagainsttheadvocatesofclassicalruleswhotendedtoglorifyRomeandrationalItalianandFrenchneoclassicalartassuperiortothenativetraditions.

ToRomantics,poetryshouldbefreefromallrules.Theywouldturntothehumblepeopleandthecommoneverydaylifeforsubjects.RomanticwritersarealwaysseekingfortheAbsolute,theIdealthroughthetranscendenceoftheactual.Theyhavealsomadeboldexperimentsinpoeticlanguage,versificationanddesign,andconstructedavarietyofformsonoriginalprinciplesoforganizationandstyle.（应试同书上差不多）

Chapter4theVictorianPeriod（1836-1901）

WhatistheVictorianliterature?

AndinwhatfielddidtheVictorianliteraturetakeitsfullswing?

Victorianliterature,asaproductofitsage,naturallytookonitsqualityofmagnitude巨大anddiversity多样性.Itwasmany-sidedandcomplex,andreflectedbothromanticallyandrealisticallythegreatchangesthatweregoingoninpeople'slifeandthought.Greatwritersandgreatworksabounded.

1）thenovel

Inthisperiod,thenovelbecamethemostwidelyreadandthemostvitalandchallengingexpressionofprogressivethought.AmongthefamousnovelistsofthetimewerethecriticalrealistslikeCharlesDickens,WilliamMakepeaceThackeray,CharlotteBronte,EmilyBronte,Mrs.GaskellandAnthonyTrollope.etc.

Theycarriedtheirdutyforwardtothecriticismofthesocietyandthedefenceofthemass.Althoughwritingfromdifferentpointsofviewandwithdifferenttechniques,theysharedonethingincommon,thatistheywereallconcernedaboutthefateofthecommonpeople.Theywereallconcernedaboutthefateofthecommonpeople.Theywereangrywiththeinhumansocialinstitutions,thedecayingsocialmoralityasrepresentedbythemoney-worshipandUtilitarianism,andthewidespreadmisery,povertyandinjustice.

AndinthelastfewdecadestherealsoGeorgeEliot,wasthefirstnovelistthat“startedputtingalltheactionsinside”andThomasHardy,thatWessexmanwhonotonlycontinuedtoexposeandcriticizeallsortsofsocialiniquities,butfinallycametoquestionandattacktheVictorianconventionsandmorals.

2）prosewring

theVictorianagealsoproducedahostofgreatprosewrite:

ThomasCarlyle,ThomasBabingtonMacaulay,MatthewArnold,JohnHenryNewman,JohnStuartMill,JohnRuskinandThomasHenryHuxley

manyofthemjoinedforceswiththecriticalrealistnovelistsinexposingandcriticizingthesoci