《翻译研究入门理论与应用》总结笔记.docx

《翻译研究入门理论与应用》总结笔记.docx

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《翻译研究入门理论与应用》总结笔记

Chapter1

Translationcanrefertothegeneralsubjectfield,theproductortheprocess.

Theprocessoftranslationbetweentwodifferentwrittenlanguagesinvolvesthetranslatorchanginganoriginalwrittentextintheoriginalverballanguageintoawrittentextinadifferentverballanguage.

ThreecategoriesoftranslationbytheRussian-AmericanstructuralistRomanJakobson

1intralingualtranslation语内翻译：

Rewording,aninterpretationofverbalsignsbymeansofothersignsofthesamelanguage;

2interlingualtranslation语际翻译:

Translationproper*,aninterpretationofverbalsignsbymeansofsomeotherlanguage;

3intersemiotictranslation语符翻译transmutation,aninterpretationofverbalsignsbymeansofsignsofnon-verbalsignsystems.

Historyofthediscipline

1,Fromlateeighteenthcenturytothe1960s:

partoflanguagelearningmethodology

Translationworkshop,comparativeliterature,contrastiveanalysis

2,JamesSHolmes“thenameandnatureoftranslationstudies”（foundingstatementforthefield）

3,1970:

Reiss:

texttype

ReissandVermeer:

textpurpose（theskopostheory）

Halliday:

discourseanalysisandsystemicfunctionalgrammar

4,1980

Themanipulationschool:

descriptiveapproach,polysystem

5,1990

SherrySimon:

Genderresearch

ElseVieira:

Braziliancannibalistschool

TejaswiniNiranjana:

Postcolonialtranslationtheory

LawrenceVenuti:

cultural-studies-orientedanalysis

Holmes’smapoftranslationstudies

Theobjectivesofthepureareasofresearch:

1,descriptivetranslationtheory:

thedescriptionofthephenomenaoftranslation

2,translationtheory:

theestablishmentofgeneralprinciplestoexplainandpredictsuchphenomena

Pure:

theoreticalanddescriptive

DTS:

descriptivetranslationstudies

1,product-orientedDTS:

existingtranslations,text（diachronicorsynchronic）

2,function-orientedDTS:

thefunctionoftranslationsintherecipientsocioculturalsituation（socio-translationstudiesorcultural-studies-orientedtranslation）

3,process-orientedDTS:

thepsychologyoftranslation（laterthink-aloudprotocols）

RelationbetweenTheoreticalanddescriptive

TheresultsofDTSresearchcanbefedintothetheoreticalbranchtoevolveeitherageneraltheoryoftranslationor,morelikely,partialtheoriesoftranslation.

Partialtheories

1,Medium-restrictedtheories:

translationbymachineandhumans

2,Area-restrictedtheories:

3,Rank-restrictedtheories:

thelevelofword,sentenceortext

4,Text-typerestrictedtheories:

discoursetypesorgenres

5,Time-restrictedtheories:

6,Problem-restrictedtheories:

AppliedbranchofHolmes’sframework:

translatortraining,translationaidsandtranslationcriticism.

Translationpolicy:

thetranslationscholaradvisingontheplaceoftranslationinsociety

Chapter2translationtheorybeforethetwentiethcentury

2.1Literalvs.freedebate

Cicero（firstcenturyBCE）:

Ididnotholditnecessarytorenderwordforword,butIpreservedthegeneralstyleandforceofthelanguage.

Horace:

producinganaestheticallypleasingandcreativetextintheTL.

StJerome:

Irendernotwordforword,butsenseforsense.

2.2MartinLuther:

1,non-literalornon-acceptedtranslationcametobeseenandusedasaweaponagainsttheChurch.

2,hisinfusionoftheBiblewiththelanguageofordinarypeopleandhisconsiderationoftranslationintermsfocusingontheTLandtheTTreaderwerecrucial.

2.3LouisKelly:

Fidelity:

toboththewordsandtheperceivedsense

Spirit:

1,creativeenergyorinspirationofatextorlanguage,propertoliterature;2,theHolySpirit（StAugustine）.（StJeromeemployeditinbothsenses.）

Truth:

content

17century:

2.4Earlyattemptsatsystematictranslationtheory

Cowley:

imitation

Countertheinevitablelossofbeautyintranslationbyusingourwitorinventiontocreatenewbeauty;hehas‘taken,leftoutandaddedwhatIplease’

JohnDrydenreducesalltranslationtothreecategories:

thetriadicmodel

（约翰德莱顿的三分法:

“直译”、“意译”与“仿译”）

1,metaphrase:

wordforwordtranslation

2,paraphrase:

senseforsensetranslation

3,imitation:

forsakebothwordsandsense

EtienneDolet:

aFrenchhumanist,burnedatthestakeforhisadditiontohistranslationofoneofPlato’sdialogues.

Fiveprinciples:

1Thetranslatormustperfectlyunderstandthesenseandmaterialoftheoriginalauthor,althoughheshouldfeelfreetoclarifyobscurities.

②ThetranslatorshouldhaveaperfectknowledgeofbothSLandTL,soasnottolessenthemajestyofthelanguage.

③Thetranslatorshouldavoidword-for-wordrenderings.

④ThetranslatorshouldavoidLatinateandunusualforma.

⑤Thetranslatorshouldassembleandliaisewordseloquentlytoavoidclumsiness.

AlexanderFraserTytler

TL-reader-orienteddefinitionofagoodtranslation:

That,inwhichthemeritoftheoriginalworkissocompletelytransfusedintoanotherlanguage,astobeasdistinctlyapprehended,andasstronglyfelt,byanativeofthecountrytowhichthatlanguagebelongs,asitisbythosewhospeakthelanguageoftheoriginalwork.

Threegeneralrules:

I.ThattheTranslationshouldgiveacompletetranscriptoftheideasoftheoriginalwork.

II.Thatthestyleandmannerofwritingshouldbeofthesamecharacterwiththatoftheoriginal.

III.ThattheTranslationshouldhavealltheeaseoforiginalcomposition.

——A.F.Tytler:

EssayonthePrinciplesofTranslation

Tytlerrankshisthreelawsinorderofcomparativeimportance:

Easeofcompositionwouldbesacrificedifnecessaryformanner,andadeparturewouldbemadefrommannerintheinterestsofsense.

2.5FriedrichSchleiermacher:

thefounderofmodernProtestanttheologyandofmodernhermeneutics

Hermeneutics:

aRomanticapproachtointerpretationbasednotonabsolutetruthbutontheindividual’sinnerfeelingandunderstanding.

2typesoftranslators:

1,Dolmetscher:

whotranslatescommercialtexts;

2,Ubersetzer:

whoworksonscholarlyandartistictexts.

2translationmethods:

1,translatorleavesthereaderinpeace,asmuchaspossible,andmovestheauthortowardshim.Alienatingmethod归化

2,translatorleavesthewriteralone,asmuchaspossible,andmovesthereadertowardsthewriter.

Naturalizingmethod异化

（异化派的观点归纳起来，其主要理由有三：

1．有必要让译文读者了解异国文化；2．译者应相信读者的智力和想象力能理解异国文化的特异之处；3．异国文化可以丰富目的语文化和目的语表达方式。

）

2.6ThestatusoftheSTandtheformoftheTL

FrancisNewman:

emphasizetheforeignnessofthework

MatthewArnold:

atransparenttranslationmethod（ledtothedevaluationoftranslationandmarginalizationoftranslation）

Chapter3Equivalenceandequivalenteffect

RomanJakobson:

thenatureoflinguisticmeaning

Saussure:

thesignifier（能指）thespokenandwrittensignal

Thesignified（所指）theconceptsignified

Thesignifierandsignifiedformthelinguisticsign,butthatsignisarbitraryorunmotivated.

1,Thereisordinarilynofullequivalencebetweencode-units.Interlingualtranslationinvolvessubstitutingmessagesinonelanguagenotforseparatecode-unitsbutforentiremessagesinsomeotherlanguage.

2,forthemessagetobeequivalentinSTandTT,thecode-unitwillbedifferentsincetheybelongtotwodifferentsignsystemswhichpartitionrealitydifferently.

3,theproblemofmeaningandequivalencethusfocusesondifferencesinthestructureandterminologyoflanguagesratherthanonanyinabilityofonelanguagetorenderamessagethathasbeenwritteninanotherverballanguage.

4,cross-linguisticdifferencescenteraroundobligatorygrammaticalandlexicalforms.Theyoccuratthelevelofgender,aspectandsemanticfields.

EugeneNida

1,anorthographicwordhasafixedmeaningandtowardsafunctionaldefinitionofmeaninginwhichawordacquiresmeaningthroughitscontextandcanproducevaryingresponsesaccordingtoculture.

2,meaningisbrokedownintoa,linguisticmeaning,b,referentialmeaning（thedenotative‘dictionary’meaning指称，字面）andc,emotivemeaning（connotative隐含）.

3,techniquestodeterminethemeaningofdifferentlinguisticitems

A,analyzethestructureofwords

B,differentiatesimilarwordsinrelaxedlexicalfields

3techniquestodeterminethemeaningofdifferentlinguisticitems

1，Hierarchicalstructuring,differentiatesseriesofwordsaccordingtotheirlevel,

2，Techniquesofcomponentialanalysis（成分分析法）identifyanddiscriminatespecificfeaturesofarangeofrelatedwords.

3，Semanticstructureanalysis：

Discriminatethesenseofacomplexsemanticterm

Chomsky:

Generative-transformationalmodel:

analyzesentencesintoaseriesofrelatedlevelsgovernedbyrules.

3features

1,phrase-structurerules短语结构规则generateanunderlyingordeepstructurewhichis

2,transformedbytransformationalrules转换规则relatingoneunderlyingstructuretoanother,toproduce

3,afinalsurfacestructure,whichitselfissubjectto形态音位规则phonologicalandmorphemicrules.

Themostbasicofsuchstructuresarekernelsentences,whicharesimple,active,declarativesentencesthatrequiretheminimumoftransformation.

Three-stagesystemoftranslation

Analysis:

thesurfacestructureoftheSTisanalyzedintothebasicelementsofthedeepstructure

Transfer:

thesearetransferredinthetranslationprocess

Restructuring:

thesearetransferredinthetranslationprocessandthenrestructuredsemanticallyandstylisticallyintothesurfacestructureoftheTT.

Back-transformation回归转换

（KernelsaretobeobtainedfromtheSTstructurebyareductiveprocess）

Fourtypesoffunctionalclass:

events,objects,abstractsandrelationals.

Kernelsarethelevelatwhichthemessageistransferredintothereceptorlanguagebeforebeingtransformedintothesurfacestructureinthreestages:

literaltransfer,minimaltransfer最小单位转换andliterarytransfer.

Formalequivalence:

focusesattentiononthemessage