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theirreligioussubjectandimitationofEnglishliterarytraditions.(eliteinNewEngland,这就是长期美国文学长期没有自己文学的传统的原因之一)
4.AnneBradstreet’spoemsofreligiousexperienceanddomesticintimacywereuniqueandgenuine,delicateandcharming,embodyingherprofoundunderstandingofreligionandhumanity.
5.TheColonialPeriodand17thCenturyLiteratureofPuritanism
Historicalnarrative,poetry(historyreligionsexperience),sermons
6.PuritanismwascentraltocolonialAmericanliterature,itsimpactcouldfindexpressioninalmostallrespectsconcerningliterature.
7.Inkeepingwiththebeliefthatliteratureshouldconcernitselfprimarilywithspiritualvalues,thesermonbecamethemosthighlydevelopedandthemostpopularofPuritanliteraryforms,sinceitstightandlogicalstructure,itspreciseandcompactexpression,anditsavoidanceofrhetoricaldecorationexcellentlyillustratedPuritanaestheticandmoraltheories.
8.AstothePuritanconceptofbeauty,theybelievedthatbeautywas,asThomasHookerdefined,“thatsweetcorrespondenceandorderlyusefulnesstheLordfirstimplantedintheorderofthings,”thusthePuritansequatedbeautywithutilityandorder.
9.Twocolonies:
16071620
ChapterTwoThePeriodofEnlightenment
1.The18thcenturyAmericanhistorywitnessedtwogreatrevolutions:
onewasAmericanRevolutionandtheotherwastheEnlightenment.(rationalisticspirit/rationalism,AgeofReason)
2.AmajorfeatureofAmericanliteratureinthe18thcenturyisits“utilitariantendency”.
3.浪漫主义前驱:
PhilipFreneau“poemsofRomanticfancy”suchasTheWildHoneySuckle
4.Theproseofthegreatphilosopher-statesmanmakesupaprominentpartof18thcenturyAmericanliterature.Itincludestwoparts.Thefirstispoliticalproseandthesecondistheproseinothermeanings.
3.JohnAdam,publishedinBostonDaily4anonymousessays.Superficiallyspeaking,hisessaysweretocriticizetheStampActsandtheotherActsimposedonthenorthernAmerican.
4.ThomasPain:
CommonSenseisthemajorliterarycreationtodrivetheindependenceofthenorthernAmerica.
四个原因:
theStampActs;
nolongerthemother;
separatedbyAtlanticocean;
thesizeofterritory.
5.JohndeCrevecoeurHismasterpieceis“LettersfromanAmericanFarmer”(1782)
Americanculture:
motherland;
experience;
newcontinent
HisconceptofindividualismisquitesimilartothatofFranklin’s,buthisresponseofconfusiontotheindependencewarisquitedifferentfromFranklin’soptimism.
6.BenjaminFranklinisthespokesmanofEnlightenmentmovement
TheindividualismcenteredonmakingafortuneillustratedinAutobiography,andtheindividualismbasedonTranscendentalismadvocatedbyEmersonandDavidThoreauformthematerialandspiritualbasisforthedeep-rootedindividualisminAmericanhistory.
Individualism:
materialaspect(BenjaminFranklin)
Spiritualaspect(RalphWaldoEmersonandDavidThoreau)
7.PhillisWheatley
SheisthefirstfemaleAfricanAmericanpoet.Wheatley‘spoetrywasrediscoveredinthe1830sbythenewEnglandabolitionists,butitisnoexaggerationtosaythatshehasneverbeenbetterunderstoodthanatthepresent.Herrecentcriticshavenotonlycorrectedanumberofbiographicalerrorsbut,moreimportant,haveprovidedacontextwhichherworkcanbebestreadandherlifeunderstood.ThisreconsiderationshowsWheatleytobeaboldandcannyspokespersonforherfaithandherpolitics;
sheearlyonjointhecauseofAmericanindependenceandtheabolitionofslavery,anticipatingthatwhenAmericanNegroesfirstheardthe“sonsofliberty”cryforfreedomtheywerechockedbyindifferencetotheirown“abjectslaveryandutterwretchedness.”Itdoesn’ttakeaphilosophertoseethattheexerciseofslaverycannotbereconciledwitha“principle”thatGodhasimplantedineveryhumanbreast,“LoveofFreedom”.Shewascorrectinremindinghimthattherecouldbenojusticeanywhereifpeopleinauthorityweredeaftothehistoryofhumansorrow.
WiththepublicationofWheatley’sPoems,HenryLouisGates,Jr.hasargued,“Wheatleylaunchedtwotraditionsatonce-----theblackAmericanliterarytraditionandtheblackwoman’sliterarytradition,whichisuniqueinthehistoryofliterature.”
Race;
class;
gender
8.TheGreatAwakeningwasainAmericanreligioushistory.
ChapterThreeNewEnglandTranscendentalismandTheRomanticAge
1.TheargumentbetweenHamiltonandJeffersonledtotheformationoftwopartiesinAmerica,onewasFederalistPartyandtheotherwasDemocraticRepublican(注意).
2.Expansion:
purchasing;
annexation;
war
3.PhilipFreneauisthefatherofAmericanrationalismliterary,atransitionalcharacterbetweenneoclassicismandromanticism.
4.Romanticismsuchaflourishingliteraturealsoresultedfromthepower,imagination,andopportunityquickenedbydemocracy,nationalism,andtherapidgrowthofeconomy.
5.TheworksofWashingtonIrving,JamesFenimoreCooperandWilliamCullenBryantmadeAmericanliteratureworksadvanceshouldertoshoulderwithEuropeanliterature.ThegenuineindependenceofAmericanliteraturewasachievedbythecontributionsofthosemenofletterasRalphWaldoEmerson,HenryDavidThoreau,NathanielHawthorne,HermanMelvilleandWaltWhitman.
6.WashingtonIrvingTheSketchBook《札记集》,acollectionofessays,sketches,andstories,includingtheimmortal“RipVanWinkle”and“TheLegendofSleepyHollow”,appearedseriallyintheyears1819to1820,securelyestablishedIrving’sreputationathomeandabroad,anddesignatedthebeginningofAmericanromanticism.
Escapism;
revolution
Thenatureplaysanimportantroleinthenovel.Sheisnotonlytheshelterbutalsotheparameterofthechangingworld.
7.WilliamCullenBryant
LongfamousasthefirstAmericanlyricpoetofdistinction,WilliamCullenBryantglorifiedthemorningoftheAmericannationalliterature.(thebeginningofromanticism)
In1811,hehadfinishedthefirstdraftofhisbestknownpoem“Thanaopsis”,whosepublicationin1817broughthimnotonlyhisfirstsuccessbutalsogeneralattentiontohisextraordinarygenius.HisfirstcollectionPoemsappearedinBostonin1821,whichincluded“ToaWaterfowl”《致水鸟》,“Thanatopsis”《死亡随想曲》and“TheYellowViolet”《黄色的堇香花》establishedhispositioninthehistoryofAmericanliterature.
NaturewasthechiefthemeofBryant’spoetry,andbesides,religion,andconcernforhumanitarianreformsandnationalmoralitywerepersistentthemes.NatureisthesymbolofGod.
8.SowecancalltheromanticismbeforetheemergenceofTranscendentalismasthepre-romanticism,andtheromanticismafterTranscendentalismaspost-romanticism.
9.EdgarAllanPoe
Asacreativewriterandcritic,heemphasizesthesignificanceoftheartthatappealssimultaneouslytoreasonandemotion,andheholdsthatwhentheworkofartisproduceditisnolongerafragmentofitscreator’slife,noranadjunct(附件,附属于)tosomedidacticpurpose,butanobjectofartcreatedinthecauseofbeauty.
浪漫主义代表;
现实主义先驱
10.RalphWaldoEmerson
SpokesmanofTranscendentalism
Name-sakeRalphWaldoEllison(黑人InvisibleMan)
NotMeNaturevirtueintellect
Therelationshipofnature,manandGodformsthebasisofEmerson’sconceptof“Oversoul”.
Hisideaisfurtherexpressedin“AmericanScholar”and“ThePoet”.Emersondefinedthescholarsas“ManThinking”insteadof“Thinker”.
11.NathanielHawthorne
ThecentralsubjectofHawthorne’smajorworkswasthehumansoul.
Hawthorneprobedandpioneeredthe“romanticlegendtradition”.InTheHouseoftheSevenGables,hedistinguishedromanticlegendfromnovelandconfirmedthattheformercouldoffertheauthorthecreativefreedominthemeandform.RomanticlegenddidgiveHawthornethefreedomtoshakeoffthechainofthecontemporaryfashioninnovelcreation,andcreatedaworldof“AsIf”.Inthisworld,realityandimaginationreflectedmutuallyanddefinedoneanother.Withsymbolism,theinnerconflictofhumannatureandtheindividualinnerpsychologycouldbeillustrated.IntheprocessofHawthorne’screation,wecanfindthatheprogressivelyretreatedfromtherealityandrecededintohisimaginedorsymbolizedworld.
12.InAmericanpoetryofthe19thcentury,thereweretwodevelopingtrends.
OnewasinitiatedbyBryant,anddevelopedtoitsconsummationinthehandsofsuchpoetsasLongfellow,JohnGreenleafWhittier,JamesRussellLoweletc..Thepoemsinthiscategoryalsodepictedthefamiliarromanticsubjectmattersuchasthenatureandthemediocrethings.Butgenerallyspeaking,whatthiskindofpoemsinheritedwasmorethanwhattheyinnovated.
ThesecondcategorywasrepresentedbyEmersonandWaltWhitman.ThepoemsinthiscategoryweredeeplyinfluencedbyTranscendentalismandbroughtnewfactorstoAmericanpoetryintermsoflanguagestyle,form,andcontent.They,tosomedegree,setaboutanewdevelopmentforAmericanpoetry.
13.HenryWadsworthLongfellow
APsalmofLife第一首翻成中文的诗歌
14.WaltWhitman
一是freeverse,二是constantchangeincontent,三是Heterosexuality,都表现了民主。
ChapterFourTheAgeofRealism
1.MarkTwain
TheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn(1884)isTwa