语言学名词解释2文档格式.docx

语言学名词解释2文档格式.docx

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Thestudyofsoundswhichareusedinlinguisticcommunicationiscalledphonetics.

8.Morphology:

Thestudyofthewayinwhichmorphemesarearrangedtoformwordsiscalledmorphology.

9.Semantics:

Thestudyofmeaninginlanguageiscalledsemantics.

10.Sociolinguistics:

Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosocietyiscalledsociolinguistics.

11.Appliedlinguistics:

Inanarrowsense,appliedlinguisticsreferstotheapplicationoflinguisticprinciplesandtheoriestolanguageteachingandlearning,especiallytheteachingofforeignandsecondlanguages.Inabroadsense,itreferstotheapplicationoflinguisticfindingstothesolutionofpracticalproblemssuchastherecoveryofspeechability.

12.Arbitrariness:

Itisoneofthedesignfeaturesoflanguage.Itmeansthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds

13.Productivity:

Languageisproductiveorcreativeinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.

14.Displacement:

Displacementmeansthatlanguagecanbeusedtorefertothingswhicharepresentornotpresent,realorimaginedmattersinthepast,present,orfuture,orinfar-awayplaces.Inotherwords,languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker

15.Duality:

Thedualitynatureoflanguagemeansthatlanguageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructure,ortwolevels,oneofsoundsandtheotherofmeanings.

16.Designfeatures:

Designfeaturesrefertothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication

17.Competence:

Chomskydefinescompetenceastheidealuser'

sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage,

18.Performance:

performanceistheactualrealizationoftheknowledgeoftherulesinlinguisticcommunication.

19.Langue:

Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity;

Langueisthesetofconventionsandruleswhichlanguageusersallhavetofollow;

Langueisrelativelystable,itdoesnotchangefrequently

20.Parole:

Parolereferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse;

paroleistheconcreteuseoftheconventionsandtheapplicationoftherules;

parolevariesfrompersontoperson,andfromsituationtosituation.45.phonology:

Phonologystudiesthesystemofsoundsofaparticularlanguage;

itaimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.

21.phoneme:

Thebasicunitinphonologyiscalledphoneme;

itisaunitofdistinctivevalue.Butitisanabstractunit.Tobeexact,aphonemeisnotasound;

itisacollectionofdistinctivephoneticfeatures.

22.allophone:

Thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentsarecalledtheallophonesofthatphoneme.

23.internationalphoneticalphabet:

Itisastandardizedandinternationallyacceptedsystemofphonetictranscription.

24.intonation:

Whenpitch,stressandsoundlengtharetiedtothesentenceratherthanthewordinisolation,theyarecollectivelyknownasintonation.

25.phonetics:

Phoneticsisdefinedasthestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage;

itisconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworld1slanguages

26.auditoryphonetics:

Itstudiesthespeechsoundsfromthehearer'

spointofview.Itstudieshowthesoundsareperceivedbythehear-er.

27.acousticphonetics:

Itstudiesthespeechsoundsbylookingatthesoundwaves.Itstudiesthephysicalmeansbywhichspeechsoundsaretransmittedthroughtheairfromonepersontoanother.

528.phone:

Phonescanbesimplydefinedasthespeechsoundsweusewhenspeakingalanguage.Aphoneisaphoneticunitorsegment.Itdoesnotnecessarilydistinguishmeaning.

529.phonemiccontrast:

Phonemiccontrastreferstotherelationbetweentwophonemes.Iftwophonemescanoccurinthesameenvironmentanddistinguishmeaning,theyareinphonemiccontrast.

30.tone:

Tonesarepitchvariations,whicharecausedbythedifferingratesofvibrationofthevocalcords.

31.minimalpair:

Whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestrings,thetwowordsaresaidtoformaminimalpair.

33.Morphology:

Morphologyisabranchofgrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.

34.inflectionalmorphology:

Theinflectionalmorphologystudiestheinflections

35.derivationalmorphology:

Derivationalmorphologyisthestudyofword-formation.

36.Morpheme:

Itisthesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguage.

37.freemorpheme:

Freemorphemesarethemorphemeswhichareindependentunitsofmeaningandcanbeusedfreelyallbythemselvesorincombinationwithothermorphemes.

38.Boundmorpheme:

Boundmorphemesarethemorphemeswhichcannotbeusedindependentlybuthavetobecombinedwithothermorphemes,eitherfreeorbound,toformaword.

39.Root:

Arootisoftenseenaspartofaword;

itcanneverstandbyitselfalthoughitbearsclear,definitemeaning;

itmustbecombinedwithanotherrootoranaffixtoformaword.

40.Affix:

Affixesareoftwotypes:

inflectionalandderivational.Inflectionalaffixesmanifestvariousgrammaticalrelationsorgrammaticalcategories,whilederivationalaffixesareaddedtoanexistingformtocreateaword.

41.Prefix:

Prefixesoccuratthebeginningofaword.Prefixesmodifythemeaningofthestem,buttheyusuallydonotchangethepartofspeechoftheoriginalword.

42.Suffix:

Suffixesareaddedtotheendofthestems;

theymodifythemeaningoftheoriginalwordandinmanycaseschangeitspartofspeech.

43.Derivation:

Derivationisaprocessofwordformationbywhichderivativeaffixesareaddedtoanexistingformtocreateaword.

44.Compounding:

Compoundingcanbeviewedasthecombinationoftwoorsometimesmorethantwowordstocreatenewwords.

45.syntax:

Syntaxisasubfieldoflinguistics.Itstudiesthesentencestructureoflanguage.Itconsistsofasetofabstractrulesthatallowwordstobecombinedwithotherwordstoformgrammaticalsentences.

46.Sentence:

Asentenceisastructurallyindependentunitthatusuallycomprisesanumberofwordstoformacompletestatement,questionorcommand.Normally,asentenceconsistsofatleastasubjectandapredicatewhichcontainsafiniteverboraverbphrase.

47.coordinatesentence:

Acoordinatesentencecontainstwoclausesjoinedbyalinkingwordcalledcoordinatingconjunction,suchas"

and"

"

but"

or"

.

48.syntacticcategories:

Apartfromsentencesandclauses,asyntacticcategoryusuallyreferstoaword（calledalexicalcategory）oraphrase（calledaphrasalcategory）thatperformsaparticulargrammaticalfunction.

49.grammaticalrelations:

Thestructuralandlogicalfunctionalrelationsofconstituentsarecalledgrammaticalrelations.Thegrammaticalrelationsofasentenceconcernthewayeachnounphraseinthesentencerelatestotheverb.Inmanycases,grammaticalrelationsinfactrefertowhodoeswhattowhom.

50.linguisticcompetence:

Universallyfoundinthegrammarsofallhumanlanguages,syntacticrulescomprisethesystemofinternalizedlinguisticknowledgeofalanguagespeakerknownaslinguisticcompetence.

51.Transformationalrules:

Transformationalrulesaretherulesthattransformonesentencetypeintoanothertype.

52.D-structure:

D-structureisthelevelofsyntacticrepresentationthatexistsbeforemovementtakesplace.Phrasestructurerules,withtheinsertionofthelexicon,generatesentencesatthelevelofD-structure.

53.Semantics:

Semanticscanbesimplydefinedasthestudyofmeaninginlanguage.

54.Sense:

Senseisconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.Itisthecollectionofallthefeaturesofthelinguisticform;

itisabstractanddecontextualised.

55.Reference:

Referencemeanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld;

itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience

56.Synonymy:

Synonymyreferstothesamenessorclosesimilarityofmeaning.

57.Polysemy:

Polysemyreferstothefactthatthesameonewordmayhavemorethanonemeaning.

58.Homonymy:

Homonymyreferstothephenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningshavethesameform,i.e.,differentwordsareidenticalinsoundorspelling,orinboth.

59.homophones:

Whentwowordsareidenticalinsound,theyarecalledhomophones

60.homographs:

Whentwowordsareidenticalinspelling,theyarehomographs.

61.completehomonyms.:

Whentwowordsareidenticalinbothsoundandspelling,theyarecalledcompletehomonyms.

62.Hyponymy:

Hyponymyreferstothesenserelationbetweenamoregeneral,moreinclusivewordandamorespecificword.

63.Antonymy:

Antonymyreferstotherelationofoppositenessofmeaning.

64.Componentialanalysis:

Componentialanalysisisawaytoanalyzewordmeaning.Itwaspro-posedbystructuralsemanticists.Theapproachisbasedonthebeliefthatthemeaningofa-wordcanbedividedintomeaningcomponents,whicharecalledsemanticfeatures.

65.The