Word StudyTeaching Plan forWord文档格式.docx

Word StudyTeaching Plan forWord文档格式.docx

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----“wildflower”meansuncultivatedplantindenotationandvitalityandpleasantnessreferingtoasortofeasy-goingwomaninconnotation.

----Maryisalittlelamb.（gentle,soft,meek）

---Tomisafox.（cunning,clever,sly）

---ThemanfromFBIwasfishingforfactsandnewsaboutthemurdercase.

Trytointerpretethemeaningof“man”inthefollowing,andseewhichoneisdenotativeorconnotative.

---Theboytriedtobeamanandnottocrywhenhiswoundwasdressed.

---ManisrapidlydestroyingtheEarth.

---“What’sthesmell?

”Iaskedthemanbesidemeinthebus.

---“Man,gotamatch?

”Anobviuoslydrunkbeggarstoppedmeatthestreetcorner.

1.3Attitude

InEnglish,somewordshaveaffectivemeanings,whichconveytheuser’sattitudetowardsthereferentsofthewords.Thesewordsfallintotwotypes:

appreciativewordsandderogatorywords.

-----Appreciativewordsareusedtoshowtheuser’spositiveattitudeslikeaffection,admiration,appreciationandapproval.

-----Derogatorywordsareusedtoshowtheuser’snegativeattitudeslikedislike,disapproval,contempt,andcriticism.

Thedifferenttypesofwordsusuallyembracethesamemeaningbutdifferentattitude,thereforeinwriting,emotionalwordsshouldbecarefullyusedincaseofmakingadictionerror,andgettinganoppositeexpression,forwordscanrevealthewriter’sattitude.

----Appreciativewordstoshowone’spositiveemotionareasfollows:

commendatory,complimentary,admiring,applauding,approving,friendly,positive;

appreciative,respectful;

kindhearted,kindly,sympathetic,warm,warmhearted.

-----Derogatorywordsfrequentlyusedtoexpressone’snegativeemotionareasfollows:

slanderous,despiteful,hateful,malicious,malignant,spiteful,resentful,critical,jealous,belittling,contemptuous,deprecatory,depreciative,derogative,disdainful,scornful.

ComparisonofEmotionalWords

Appreciativewords

Neutralwords

Derogatorywords

unique

strange

bizarre

steadfast

stubborn

pigheaded

compliment

praise

flatter

bachelorgirl

singlewoman

spinster

plump

fat

obese

slim

thin

skinny

1.4Collocation

Collocationisthewayinwhichwordsareusedtogrtherregularly.Itreferstotherestrictionsonhowwordscanbeusedtogether,i.e.whichprepositionsareusedwithparticularverbs,orwhichverbsandnounsareusedtogether.Collocationsarethewordsthattendtoco-occurinalanguage—ingrammaticalpatterns,compoundsorfixedphrases.Forexample,inEnglishtheverb“perform”isusedwith“operation”,butnotwith“discussion”.Thuswecansay:

“Thedoctorperformedtheoperationwhilethecommitteewasholdingadiscussion.”

CollocationsarealsokindsofidiomsinEnglish,forcollocationsandidiomsbothbelongtolexicalchunks,whichareveryimportantinEnglishlearning.

----Collocatingtypes:

（1）V+N:

followthefashion;

（2）Adj+N:

abrilliantsuccess;

（3）V+Adv:

thinkalike;

（4）Prep+N:

thekeytothequestion;

（5）V+Prep:

thinkofanidea.

----Idiomtypes:

Anidiomismulti-wordexpressionwhichfunctionsasasingleunitandwhosemeaningcannotbeworkedoutfromthesumofitsseparateparts.

Suchas“Shewashedherhandsofthematter.（Sherefusedtohaveanythingmoretodowiththematter.）”

Hespilledthebeens.（Hetoldsomeonesomethingthatpeoplehavebeentryingtokeepsecret.）

HeseemslikeadecentblokeandI’vegotnoaxistogrindwithhim.（Idon’tgetalongwithhimwell.）

----Moreexamplesforcollocations

a.holdone’stongue

b.behindcloseddoors

c.aslapintheface

d.abitterpilltoswallow

e.throwcoldwateron

f.seered

g.putone’seggsinonebasket

h.oncloudnine

i.throughthickandthin

----Trytointerpretethefollowingads

a.Usecautionwhenwet.

b.Watchyourhead.

c.Loseyoursuitnotyourstatus.

d.Shutdownyourcomputer.Restartafriendship.

1.5FalseFriends（SeePp.6-7）

Whydowemakefalsefriends?

Becausewedonothavemuchknowledgeaboutthepersonwhowewanttocontactwith.InEnglish,itisthesamewithourchoosingwordsforourwriting.Sometimes,wearenotawareofmakingfalsefriendswhenweindeedhavechosenawrongcollocationofthewords.Forinstance,“Myfavoriteistotakephotoesandfriendsinthewild,forthepleasantfriendshipandbeautifulscenescanimprovemyinterpersonalrelations.”

Falsefriendscanbelistedasfollows:

a.Homonym（同音异义词）

--ground:

theplaceunderthefeet/thepastparticiple:

grind=ground:

makeintopiecesbypressingbetweentwohardthings.

--sow:

toplantorscatterseedsinthefields/sow:

femalepig.

--provided:

p.p.thepasttenseoftheverb“provide”/conj.ifandonlyif,onconditionthat….

---concerning:

p.p.thepresenttenseofverb“concern’/pre.about,withregardto

Canyouthinkupmoreofthehomonyms?

ThefollowingarelinguisticwonderscreatedbyHomonym

----“Mineisalongandsadtale!

”saidtheMouse,turningtoAlice,andsighing.

“Itisalongtail,certainly,”saidAlice,lookingdownwithwonderattheMouse’stail;

“Butwhydoyoucallitsad?

”（fromAlice’sAdventuresinWonderland）

----Moresunandairforyoursonandheir（ads）

---趁早下“斑”，请勿“痘”留。

---“闲”妻良母

---以“帽”取人

---“义”“名”惊人（短跑运动员劳义获广州亚运会百米冠军后的新闻报道）

b.Polysemy（一词多义）

--board:

apieceofsawnwood;

astiffpaneloverwhichthepaperisstretchedtoformthesideofaboundbook;

acouncilorauthoritativebody;

dailymealsservedinexchangeforpaymentorservices;

asquareoroblongpieceofthinwoodforspecialpurpose,divingboard,soundingboard.

--heart:

theorganofthebodywhichpumpsbloodinthesystem;

thecentralpartofsomething;

themostimportantpartofsomething;

centeroftheemotions,love,kind.

Moreexamples

---Shecannotbearchildren.---TheRabbimarriedmysister.---ThomasJeffersonatehiscottagecheesewithrelish.---ThegirlfoundabookonMainStreet.

c.Hyponymy（下位关系词）andHypernymyorSuperordinate（上位关系词）

---fruit---blackberry---berry---berryjuice

---spaniel—dog---puppy

Forinstance,“Inthecorruptofficial’shouse,thepolicemensearchedoutatleastfiveluxurycars,suchasBenz,Volve,Bettle,andothervehicles.”

Moreexample:

Trytoidentifytherelationshipofthefollowingwords,andclassifythemaccordingtoHyponymyandHypernymy.

Animal,ant,bee,oak,cucumber,cockroach,creature,chrysanthemum,pig,flower,zebra,

insect,livingthings,willow,plant,snake,tree,vegetable,cabbage,carrot.

Animal

Catdogpighorsecowbear

stallionmarefoal

Unit2.AppropriateWords

Appropriatewordsaredeterminedinawritingcontext.Thesamewordmaybeinterpreteddifferentlyinthedifferentcontext.Thewordyouthinkisappropriateusedinherebutdefinitelynotinthere.Thedeterminingfactorsofusingawordappropriatelydependsonthewritingcontextaboutaudience,purpose,styleandcommunicatingformat.

2.1Style

2.1.1Colloquialwords

Colloquialwordsarecertainlyusedindailyconversation,whenusedinwriting,theycanobviuoslyachieveaconversationaleffect.Colloquialwordsarecharacterizedbyusingcontractions.e.g.,don’t,didn’t,won’t,hasn’t,haven’t,orbyabbreviations,e.g.,auto,phone,photo,disk,lab,kilo,exam,fridge,flu,expo,pro,memo,taxi,dept,motel,mike,telly,jet,pub,three-D,orbyacronyms,e.g.,NPC（NationalPeople’sCongress）,FBI（FederalBureauofInvestigation）,GMT（GreenwichmeanTime），ID（Identifiedcard）,TB（tuberculosis）,WHO（WorldHealthOrganization）,DJ（diskjockey）,MP（MemberofParliament）,andalsobyoralexpressions,suchas:

lassforgirl;

telloffforblame;

putupwithforsuffer;

padforhome;

brollyforunbrella;

sackoutforgotobed.Anothercriticalpointliesinusingpersonalreferences.Thelearnersatthebasicwritingstageareconsciouslyorunconsciouslyapttousethefirst-person“I”orrepeatassertionsof“inmyopinion”inexpressingtheideasorexposingthematters,andthisreallyspoilsthenaturalandlogicalsmoothnessofdiscourse,whichmakesthewritingrathersubjectiveandweakscaffolded.Thefollowingexpressionsarepresentedincolloquialstyle.

E.g.Thepresidenthadtogobacksoonerthanhe’dplannedbecausetheweatherwassobad.

E.g.Don'

tsendanythingoffuntilyou'

retoldtodoso.

2.1.2CommonStyleofWords

Commonwordsarethebasisofthevocabulary,andusedforeverydaycommunication.BasedonananalysisoftheOxfordEnglishCorpusofoverabillionwordsbyOxfordOnline,associatedwiththeOxfordEnglishDictionary,the25topcommonwordsofnouns,verbsandadjectives,whicharemostfrequentlyused,arerespectivelyselectedfrom“literarynovelsandspecialistjournalstoeverydaynewspapersandmagazines,emails,andweblogs”.

Top75Common