新编跨文化交际CaseStudyWord格式文档下载.docx

新编跨文化交际CaseStudyWord格式文档下载.docx

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morevaluedthanthecharacteristicsofanyparticularmember.Incontrast,Americansstress

individualityasavalueandareapttoassertindividualdifferenceswhentheyseemjustifiablyin

conflictwiththegoalsorvaluesofthegroup.Inthiscase:

Richard‘smistakewasinmakinggreat

effortstodefendhimself.Lettheothersassumethattheerrorswerenotintentional,butitisnotrighttodefendyourself,evenwhenyourunstatedintentistoassistthegroupbywarningothersofsimilarmistakes.Asimpleapologyandacceptanceoftheblamewouldhavebeenappropriate.ButforpoorRichardtohavemerelyapologizedwouldhaveseemedtohimtobesubservient,unmanly.WhenitcomestoEngland,weexpectfewerproblemsbetweenAmericansandEnglishmethanbetweenAmericansandalmostanyothergroup.Inthiscasewemightlookbeyondthegestureoftakingsugarorcreamtothevaluesexpressedinthisgesture:

forAmericans,―Helpyourself‖;

fotheEnglishcounterpart,―Bemyguest.‖AmericanandEnglishpeopleequallyenjoyentertainingandbeingentertainedbuttheydiffersomewhatinthevalueofthedistinction.Typically,theidealguestatanAmericanpartyisonewho―makeshimselfathome,‖eventothepointofansweringthedoororfixinghisowndrink.Forpersonsinmanyothersocieties,includingatleastthishypotheticalEnglishhost,suchguestbehaviorispresumptuousorrude.

Case2

Acommonculturalmisunderstandinginclassesinvolvesconflictsbetweenwhatissaidtobe

directcommunicationstyleandindirectcommunicationstyle.InAmericanculture,peopletendto

saywhatisontheirmindsandtomeanwhattheysay.Therefore,studentsinclassareexpectedto

askquestionswhentheyneedclarification.Mexicanculturesharesthispreferenceofstylewith

Americancultureinsomesituations,andthat‘swhythestudentsfromMexicoreadilyadoptedthe

techniquesofaskingquestionsinclass.However,Koreanpeoplegenerallypreferindirect

communicationstyle,andthereforetheytendtonotsaywhatisontheirmindsandtorelymoreon

implicationsandinference,soastobepoliteandrespectfulandavoidlosingfacethroughany

improperverbalbehavior.Asismentionedinthecase,tomanyKoreans,numerousquestionswouldshowadisrespectfortheteacher,andwouldalsoreflectthatthestudenthasnotstudiedhardenough.

Case3

Theconflicthereisadifferenceinculturalvaluesandbeliefs.Inthebeginning,Marydidn‘trealizethatherDominicansistersawherasamemberofthefamily,literally.IntheDominicanview,familypossessionsaresharedbyeveryoneofthefamily.LuzwasactingasmostDominicansisterwoulddoinborrowingwithoutaskingeverytime.OnceMaryunderstoodthattherewasadifferentwayoflookingatthis,shewouldbecomemoreaccepting.However,shemightstillexperiencethesamefrustrationwhenthishappenedagain.Shehadtofindwaystocopewithherownemotionalculturalreactionaswellasherpracticalproblem（thebatteriesrunningout）.

Case4

Itmightbesimplyaquestionofdifferentrhythms.Americanshaveonerhythmintheirpersonal

andfamilyrelations,intheirfriendlinessandtheircharities.Peoplefromothercultureshave

differentrhythms.TheAmericanrhythmisfast.Itischaracterizedbyarapidacceptanceofothers.

However,itisseldomthatAmericansengagethemselvesentirelyinafriendship.Theirfriendships

arewarm,butcasual,andspecialized.Forexample,youhaveaneighborwhodropsbyinthe

morningforcoffee.Youseeherfrequently,butyouneverinviteherfordinner---notbecauseyou

don‘tthinkshecouldhandleaforkandaknife,butbecauseyouhaveseenherthatmorning.

Therefore,youreserveyourmoreformalinvitationtodinnerforsomeonewholivesinamore

distantpartofthecityandwhomyouwouldnotseeunlessyouextendedaninvitationforaspecial

occasion.Now,ifthefirstfriendmovesawayandthesecondonemovesnearby,youarelikelyto

reversethis---seethesecondfriendinthemorningsforinformalcoffeemeetings,andthefirstoneyouwillinvitemoreformallytodinner.

Americansare,inotherwords,guidedveryoftenbytheirownconvenience.Theytendtomake

friendseasily,andtheydon‘tfeelitnecessarytogotoagreatamountoftroubletoseefriendsoftenwhenitbecomesinconvenienttodoso,andusuallynooneishurt.Butinsimilarcircumstancespeoplefrommanyothercultureswouldbehurtverydeeply.

Case5

InChina,itisoftennotpolitetoacceptafirstofferandHepingwasbeingmodest,politeand

well-behavedandhadeveryintentionofacceptingthebeeratthesecondorthirdoffer.Buthehad

notfiguredonNorthAmericanruleswhichfirmlysaythatyoudonotpushalcoholicbeverageson

anyone.Apersonmaynotdrinkforreligiousreasons,hemaybeareformedalcoholic,orhemaybeallergic.Whateverthereasonbehindtherule,youdonotinsistinofferingalcohol.SounconsciousandsostrongaretheirculturalrulesthattheAmericansequallypolitelynevermadeasecondofferofbeertoHepingwhoprobablythoughtNorthAmericansmostuncouth.

However,whatwehavetorememberisthatculturesareseldomastricteither-orineveryinstanceforallpeopleandtherearealwaysindividualdifferences.ProbablythisyoungChinesenursewasverydifferentfromHepingor,unlikeHeping,shemayhaveknownsomethingabouttheAmericanculturalrulesandwasjusttryingtobehavelikeanAmericanwhenshewasinanAmericanfamily.

Case6

Whenaspeakersayssomethingtoahearer,thereareatleastthreekindsofmeaningsinvolved:

utterancemeaning,speaker‘smeaningandhearer‘smeaning.Inthedialogue,whenLitzsaid‗Howlongisshegoingtostay‘shemeanttosaythatifsheknewhowlonghermother-in-lawwasgoingtostayinFinland,shewouldbeabletomakeproperarrangementsforher,suchastakingherouttodosomesightseeing.However,hermother-in-lawoverheardtheconversation,andtookLitz‘squestiontomean―Litzdoesnotwantmetostayforlong‖.FromtheChinesepointofview,itseemstobeinappropriateforLitztoasksuchaquestionjusttwodaysafterhermother-in-law‘sarrival.Ifshefeelsshehastoaskthequestion,itwouldbebettertoasksometimelaterandsheshouldnotlethermother-in-lawhearit.

Case7

Keikoinsistsongivingvaluablegiftstohercollegefriends,becauseincountrieslikeJapan,

exchanginggiftsisastronglyrootedsocialtradition.Shouldyoureceiveagift,anddon‘thaveone

toofferinreturn,youwillprobablycreateacrisis.Ifnotasseriousasacrisis,onewhodoesn‘tofferagiftinreturnmaybeconsideredrudeorimpolite.Therefore,inJapan,giftsareasymbolicwaytoshowappreciation,respect,gratitudeandfurtherrelationship.KeikoobviouslyhastakenthoseuseditemsfromMary,EdandMarionasgifts,forsheprobablydoesn‘tknowthatAmericansfrequentlydonatetheirusedhouseholditemstochurchortothecommunity.Mary,EdandMarionwouldneverconsiderthoseusedhouseholditemsgiventoKeikoasgifts.Nowondertheyfeltveryuncomfortablewhentheyreceivedvaluablegiftsinreturn.

Case8

AstheChinesegirlAmyfellinlovewithanAmericanboyatthattime,itseemsthatshepreferredtocelebrateChristmasintheAmericanway,forshewantedverymuchtoappearthesameasotherAmericangirl.Shedidnotliketoseeherboyfriendfeeldisappointedatthe―shabby‖ChineseChristmas.That‘swhyshecriedwhenshefoundoutherparentshadinvitedtheminister‘sfamilyoverfortheChristmasEvedinner.ShethoughtthemenufortheChristmasmealcreatedbyhermotherastrangeonebecausetherewerenoroastturkeyandsweetpotatoesbutonlyChinesefood.Howcouldshenoticethenthefoodschosenbyhermotherwereallherfavorites

Fromthiscase,wecanfindalotofdifferencesbetweentheChineseandWesternculturesin

whatisappropriatefoodforabanquet,whataregoodtablemanners,andhowoneshouldbehavetobehospitable.However,oneshouldneverfeelshamefuljustbecauseone‘scultureisdifferentfromothers‘.AsAmy‘smothertoldher,youmustbeproudtobedifferent,andyouronlyshameistohaveshame.

Case

TomanyChinese,Mr.QianandMr.Zhaoarereallygoodfriends,fortheyhavehelpedeachotherfromtimetotime.SinceMr.ZhaolentMr.Qianalargesumofmoneytohelphisbusinessgetoverthedifficulty,Mr.QianwasgreatlyindebtedtoMr.Zhao.InChineseculture,friendshipmeansawillingnesstobeindebtedandtorepaythedebtmorethanowed.However,manyAmericans,likeJackson,wouldsaythatMr.Zhaowasaskingtoomuch,forwhattheyvaluemoreareindividualachievementandindependenceratherthanrelationshipwithoneanother,andtheydonotliketoputthemselvesinothers‘debt,especiallyinthosematte