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阅读中的词汇学习
阅读中的词汇学习
——阅读理解中猜词题的解题策略
北京十中程丽英
指导思想和理论依据
1.《普通高中课程标准》中明确指出：
高中阶段必须达到七级目标，在七级语言技能方面要求：
能够通过上下文克服生词困难,理解语篇意义;
2.《课标》明确指出：
高中英语课程的设计与实施有利于学生优化英语学习方式，鼓励学生通过观察、积极尝试、自我探究、自我发现和主动实践的学习方法，充分发挥自己的学习潜能，形成有效的学习策略，提高学生自主学习的能力；
3.正确理解文章中单词和短语的含义是理解文章的第一步，也是理解文章的基础。
不懂单词含义根本谈不上理解文章。
但英语单词的含义并非完全等同于词典中所标柱的汉语意思，其含义虽不同的语境会有所不同。
因此，能够根据上下文正确理解灵活变化的词义，才算是真正初步具备了一定的阅读理解能力。
教学设计思路
本节课的设计意图：
刚刚进行了丰台区一模和西城区一模考试，发现猜测词义题目的正答率偏低，猜测词义题虽然不是阅读测试的重点，但是高考阅读理解能力考查的重要内容，是对学生多方面综合能力的检测，为此，本人对2008年全国18套高考题中涉及了猜测词义的题目做了统计并进行了认真的分析，发现解猜词义题还是有规律可循的，因此，我帮助学生对这类题目的阶梯方法进行了归纳和总结，希望能对考生阅读能力的提高有所帮助。
教学内容
通过分析学生试卷，发现学生猜测词义题的正答率偏低，因此，教师将2008年高考阅读中涉及猜测词义的题精心挑选并分类，并请学生在限定的时间内完成这些题目，在教师指导下，以小组合作学习的形式，进行分析，归纳，帮助学生总结一些猜测词义题的有效的学习策略；并将学到的策略应用于实践中。
教学目标
（一）知识与技能目标：
1.对于不认识的词，或熟词新义、短语或句子，能够通过上下文提供的线索推断出意义；
2.能够通过观察、实践，总结归纳猜测词义题的应对策略，并能够将策略应用于猜测词义题中。
（二）过程与方法
1.从学生的兴趣出发，按照“发现问题——分析、解决问题——总结策略——实际应用”的教学思路，在各个环节上设计学习任务，最终达到学习目的；
2.采用学生自主学习和小组合作讨论学习相结合的活动方式，最终使学生猜测词义能力得到提高。
（三）情感与态度目标：
1.通过观察、体验、探究等积极主动的学习方法，为学生营造和谐的学习氛围，激发学习英语的兴趣，充分调动学生的思维活动和情感体验，从而提高学生自主学习的能力；
2.能够通过讨论，交流与合作的自主探究的方式总结归纳猜测词义题的应对的策略；并能将策略应用与实践中，从而树立学生学习英语的自信心。
教学流程图
教学步骤教学内容教学目的
教学方法：
学生自主探究的学习的教学方式
教学辅助：
电脑（PPT），students’worksheets
*********************************************************************
教学过程：
（Preparation:
Inordertofindmethodsofguessingmeaningsofunderlinedwords,thestudentswererequestedtoreadseveralpassageswhicharerelatedtoit）
Step1.Q:
阅读理解题的题型有什么？
（细节理解题，猜测词义题，推理判断题和主旨大意体）
上节课同学们做的是哪种题型的题？
（推理判断题）
分析：
（ppt.呈现）
统计对象
猜测词和短语的题数
指代关系题
猜测句子理题
猜测词义题总数
2008全国各地18套题
16
3
3
22
Step2.Observation,discussion,discoveryandsummary
Group1
全国
B
北京C
福建B
Summary:
利用定语或定语从句猜测词义；
全国
B:
Innutrition（营养）itwasallgoodnewstoo.Thisnicetastingpineapple（菠萝）containedfourtimesmorevitaminC（维生素C）thantheoldgreenvariety.Nutritionistssaidthatitwasnotonlyfullofvitamins,butalsogoodagainstsomediseases.Peoplewereunderstandablyeagertobeabletobuythiswonderfulfruit.Thenewtypeofpineapplewassellingfast,andtheDelMonteGoldpineapplerapidlybecameafixtureintheshoppingbasketofthehealthyeater.
62.Theunderlinedword“fixture”inParagraph3probablyreferstosomething_________.
A.thatpeopleenjoyeatingB.thatisalwayspresent
C.thatisdifficulttogetD.thatpeopleuseasagift
北京C:
Youcanperhapshelpwiththis.Thecollectionofcontributionstowardsgiftsforemployees’personal-lifeeventsisbecomingalittletroubling.Certainly,thegroupsendingofagiftisreasonablenowandthen.Inthepastmonth,however,therehavebeencollectionsfortwobabyshowergifts,oneweddingshowergift,twoweddinggifts,onefuneral（葬礼）remembrance,fourbirthdaygifts,andthreegraduationgifts.
63.Theunderlinedword“contributions”probablymeans________.
A.moneyB.suggestionsC.reportsD.understanding
福建B:
Foryearswehavebeentoldthatencouragingachild’sself-respectisimportanttohisorhersuccessislife.Butchildexpertsarenowlearningthattoomuchpraisecanleadtotheoppositeeffect.Praise-aholickidswhoexpectitateveryturnmaybecometeenswhoseektosamekindofapprovalfromfriendswhenaskediftheywanttogointhebackseatofthecar.
61.Theunderlinedwords“Praise-aholickids”referstokidswhoare______.
A.tiredofbeingpraisedB.worthyofbeingpraised
C.veryproudofbeingpraisedD.extremelyfondofbeingpraised
Analysis:
定语或
定语从句
afixtureintheshoppingbasketofthehealthyeater.全国IB
contributionstowardsgiftsforemployees’personal-lifeevents北京C
praise-aholickidswhoexpectitateveryturn福建B
Group2
全国
C
江苏A
Summary:
利用上下文的对应关系猜测词义；
全国
C:
Somepoliticiansoftenusethistrick.Let’ssaythatduringGovernorSmith’slastterm,herstatelostonemillionjobsandgainedthreemillionjobs.Thensheseeksanotherterm.Oneofheropponents（对手）says,“DuringGovernorSmith’sterm,thestatelostonemillionjobs!
”that’strue.However,andhoneststatementwouldhavebeen,“DuringGovernorSmith’sterm,thestatehadanetgainoftwomillionjobs.”
51.Whatdotheunderlinewords“netgain”inParagraph5mean?
A.finalincreaseB.bigadvantage
C.largeshareD.totalsaving
Analysis:
江苏A:
Timeissomethingfromwhichwecan’tescape.Evenifweignoreit,it’sstillgoingby,tickingaway,secondbysecond,minutebyminute,hourbyhour.Sothemainissueinusingyourtimewellis,“Who’sincharge?
”Wecanallowtimetoslipbyandletitbeourenemy.Orwecantakecontrolofitandmakeitourally
Analysis:
.
56.Theunderlinedword“ally”inPara.3morelikelymeanssomebodyorsomethingthatis_________.
A.yourslaveandservesyouB.yoursupporterandhelpsyou
C.underyourcontrolandobeysyouD.underyourinfluenceandfollowsyou
Analysis:
对应关系
（1）lost1,000,000jobsgained3,000,000jobs
lost1,000,000jobsnetgained2,000,000jobs
finalincreased
（2）allowtimetoslipby——ourenemy
takecontrolofit——supporter
Group3
四川D
辽宁D
Summary:
利用因果关系猜测词义；
四川D
Hiking（远足）
Pleasestayonpermittedpaths.Otherwiseyoumaydestroydesertplants.Packoutwhatyoupackin,soyouleavenosignsofyourvisit.Itisimportanttokeepinmindthatyouareinanationalparkwherewildlifeexists.
48.Whatdotheunderlinedwords“packoutwhatyoupackin”inParagraph4probablymean?
A.keepeveryoutofcampgrounds
B.takeawayeverythingyoubringin
C.carryallthenecessaryfood
D.lookafteryourpersonalbelongings
辽宁D
Studyshowedthatitisanunusualkindofprotein.Ithasmanysmallsugarmolecules（分子）heldinspecialpositionswithineachbigproteinmolecule.Becauseofitssugarcontent,itiscalledaglycoprotein.Soithascometobecalledtheantifreezefishglycoprotein,orAFGP.
71.Whatdoes“glycol-”intheunderlinedword“glycoprotein”inthelastparagraphmean?
A.sugarB.iceC.bloodD.molecule
Analysis:
因果关系
Packoutwhatyoupackin,soyouleavenosignsofyourvisit.
Becauseofitssugarcontent,itiscalledaglycoprotein.
Group4
湖南C
湖北B
广东C
Summary:
利用上文举例，下文例证，下文解释猜测词义；
湖南C
HugoCritchleyfurtherexplained,“OurbodiessynchroniseandwhenweliketheotherPerson,weevencopyhisbehavior.Nexttimeyouchatwithafriend,takenoteofhowyou’resitting-it'sprettylikelythatyouwillbethesame.Scientistsbelieveit’sourwayoftellingeachotherthatyou’reparents.Throughbodylanguage,humansgiveeachotherverysubtle（微妙的）butclearsignalsthatshowemotions.”
66.Theunderlinedword“synchronise”inparagraph4means“_________”.
A.moveslowlyB.changerapidly
C.relaxtemporarilyD.respondaccordingly
Analysis:
下文例证
synchroniseandwhenweliketheotherperson,weevencopyhisbehavior.Nexttimeyouchatwithafriend,takenoteofhowyou’resitting-it'sprettylikelythatyouwillbethesame.
湖北B
Kathystartedatmynurseryschoolattheageofthree.Shesettledintothegroupeasily,andwouldbefirstontheslideandhighestuptheclimbingframe.Shecouldputonhercoatwithouthelpandnotonlyfastenherownbuttonsbutotherchildren’stoo.
Shewasalovelychildbutunfortunatelyascratcher.Ifanyoneupsetherorstoodinherway,herrighthandwouldflashoutfastandscratchdownthefaceofherplaymates.Childrentwiceheragewouldflyinfearfromher.
ThismusthavebeenveryrewardingforKathybutobviouslyithadtobestopped.AlltheusualwaysfailedandthenIrememberedandaccountbyG.AtkinsonofHighfieldSchool,ofhowfightsintheplaygroundhadbeenstopped.Nopunishmenthadbeengiven,buttheattackerhadbeenignoredandthevictimsrewarded.SoIdecidedtotrythisoutonKathy.
WithapocketfulofSmartiesIfollowedKathyaround.Shewassoquickthatitwasimpossibletopreventherscratching,butIwasdeterminedtostaywithinarm’slengthallafternoon.
AllwaspeacefulbutthenIsawKathy’shandmovedandheardthescream.GentlyIgatheredupthelittlehurtoneinmyarmsandsaid“Nice,nicesweetie”andIputaSmartieintohermouth.Kathyopenedhermouth,expectingaSmartieandthenlookedpuzzledwhenshegotnothing.
Sooncameanotherscream,thistimefromJohn.Whileholdinghiminmyarms,Isaid,“Look,Kathy,aniceSmartieforJohn”andputitintoJohn’smouth.
AsmileofunderstandingflashedacrossKathy’sface,Minuteslater,shecametomeandsaidloudly,“GivemeaSmartie!
Ihavehurtmyfinger!
”
“No,”Ireplied,“you’llgetitifsomeonehurtsyou.”
Onpurpose,sheturnedandscratchedanearbyboy.Tom,andwaitedquietlywhileImotheredandrewardedhim,thenshewalkedaway.
Shehasneverscratchedachildsince.
Parentswhofindolderchildrenbullyingyoungerbrothersandsistersmightdowelltoreplaceshoutingandpunishmentbyrewardingandmoreattentiontotheinjuredones.It’scertainlymucheasierandmoreeffective.
67．Accordingtothepassage,theunderlinedword“bullying”isclosestinmeaningto“”．
A．helpingB．punishingC．hurtingD．protecting
上文举例
Analysis:
广东A
Parentsandkidstodaydressalike,listentothesamemusic,andarefriends.Isthisagoodthing?
Sometimes,whenMr.Ballmerandhis16-year-olddaughter,Elizabeth,listentorockmusictogetherandtalkaboutinterestsbothenjoy,suchaspopculture,heremembershismoredistantrelationshipwithhisparentswhenhewasateenager.
“Iwouldneverhavesaidtomymom,‘Hey,thenewWeezeralbumisreallygreat.Howdoyoulikeit?
’”saysBallmer.“Therewasjustacompletegapintaste.”
Musicwasnottheonlygulf.Fromclothingandhairstylestoactivitiesandexpectations,earliergenerationsofparentsandchildrenoftenappearedtomove
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