大学英语专业欧洲文化复习资料一Word格式文档下载.docx
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oneself,
virtue
was
high
worth
life,
dialectical
method
Plato
Man
knowledge
because
existence
certain
general
ideas
Dialogues>
Aristotle
Direct
observation,
theory
follow
fact,
idea
matter
together
made
concrete
individual
realities
Ethics>
Politics>
Poetics
Rhetoric>
Euclid
Elements>
a
textbook
geometry
Archimedes
when
body
immersed
in
water
its
loss
weight
equal
to
displaced
“Give
me
place
stand
I’ll
move
World”
Others
Diogenes
（the
Cynics）
Pyrrhon（the
Sceptics）
Epicurus
Epicureans）
Zeno
Stoics）
4th
century
B.C.后半叶希腊在Alexander,
king
Macedon的领导下，5th
B.C.达到顶峰，146
B.C.被罗马攻克
2.基督教和圣经
Jews—以前叫Hebrews，3800B.C.穿过中东沙漠，1300B.C.Moses带领Hebrews离开埃及，开始他们的Exodus，他在Sinai山定了ten
commandments
name
God，40年后Hebrews定居Pelestine,
known
as
Canaan，Hebrew人的历史口头传送记入the
old
Testament,
6th
B.C.,他们在Babylon形成synagogue（忧太集会）来发扬他们的教义。
Jesus
Christ生活在第一个罗马帝国Augustus,
Emperor
Constantine
1于313年宣布基督教合法，Emperor
Theodosius于392年宣布基督教为国教。
Hebrew人的历史口头传送记入the
Testament，旧约包含39本书，写了从1000B.C.---100A.D.的事情，最重要的前五本是Pentateuch，旧约主要由Hebrew写成，the
New
Testment主要是Greek的形式，包含14本书，最古老的Latin
Bible叫Vulgate,在1382年被John
Wycliff翻译成了英语，Greek
Bible叫Septuagint
3.中世纪
开始于476年西罗马帝国的衰败
5-11世纪
period
which
classical,
Hebrew
Gothic
heritage
merged
1054,教堂分裂为the
Roman
Catholic
Church
Eastern
Orthodox
Church
反击Moslems，开始了Crusades
Charles
Martel给士兵们estates
fiefs
732
St.
Thomas
Aquinas（Scholasticism）写了
Summa
Theologica，这本书sums
up
all
medieval
theology他认为feudal
hierarchy（层次，等级）
society
God’s
rule
The
power
feudal
rulers
will
Pope
Christ’s
Plenipotentiary
Charlemagne
Alfred
Great
encouraged
learning
by
setting
monastery
schools.
They
copied
various
ancient
books
translated
Latin
works
into
venacular
Roger
Bacon
Experimental
Science
Opus
Maius>
advocates
research,
called
for
careful
observation
Dante（但丁）
Divine
Comedy>
神曲
landmarks
world
literature
Chaucer
Canterbury
Tales>
first
modern
poet
English
4.文艺复兴与宗教改革
14th
17th
Century
Starting
Florence
Venice
Boccaccio
Decameron>
achievement
prose
fiction
in中世纪
Petrarch
Canzoniers>
Sonnet,
father
poetry
文艺复兴早期的艺术家：
Giotto
Flight
Egypt>
Betrayal
Judas>
forerunner
renaissance
Brunelleschi
showed
systematic
use
perspective
Donatello
David>
artists
engaged
anatomy
Giorgione
Sleeping
Venus>
happy
colour
schemes
unify
his
pictures
意大利文艺复兴全盛时期的四位艺术家：
Da
Vinci
Last
Supper>
Mona
Lisa>
Michelangelo
Sistine
Chapel>
Dying
Slave>
Moses>
Raphael
Known
Madonna（Virgin
Mary）>
Titian
Oil
color
most
prolific
great
Venetian
painters
Western
World
Pre-Luther
Religious
Reformers
John
Wycliffe
chief
reformation,
took
translation
Bible
time
1382
Jan
Hus
Czech
leader
Calvin
Institutes
Christian
Religion>
基督教教义
influential
theological
Calvinism
Rabelais
Cargantua
Pantagruel>
拉伯雷
巨人传>
french
Ronsard
Pleiade七星诗社代表人
Sonnets
Pour
Helene>
法国第一个近代抒情诗人
Montaigne
Essays>
蒙田
散文集
French
Writer
Cervantes
Don
Quixote>
European
novel
spain
More
Utopia>
British
writer
Shakespeare
作品包括<
哈姆雷特>
>
麦克白>
奥瑟罗>
李尔王>
威尼斯商人>
第十二夜>
皆大欢喜>
罗密欧与朱丽叶>
安东尼与克莉奥佩特拉>
亨利四世>
亨利五世>
crowned
literature
England
代表欧洲文艺复兴的最高成就
Copernicus
astronomy
现代天文学之父
Vesalius
Fabrica>
marked
beginning
new
era
study
anatomy
（解剖学）
medicine
Aldus
Manutius
foremost
printer
Italy
Machiavelli
political
science
Vosari
Lives
Artists>
1492,
Columbus发现了America
1487,Dias发现了the
cape
good
hope
1497,da
Gama发现了the
route
India
round
Cape
Good
Hope
5.
17世纪
Revolution
Heavenly
Orbs>
天体运行论
Although
he
did
not
belong
Kepler
Kepler’s
Law
three
laws
planetary
motion）德
国
formed
basis
led
Newton’s
discovery
gravitation
Galileo
Sidereus
Nuncius
（The
Starry
Messenger）>
意大利
acceleration
dynamics,
law
inertia,
falling
bodies动力加速度，惯性定律，落体定律
Newton
Mathematical
Priciples
Natural
Philosophy>
英国
Leibniz
Essays
Concerning
Human
Understanding>
Distinguishes
levels
understanding:
self-conscious（自我意识）conscious（意识）unconscious/subconscious
（潜意识）他和牛顿都是caculus的创始人
Milton
Areopagitica，<
Paradise
lost>
revolution
Advancement
Learning>
Knowledge
英国
反对deductive
method，创立了inductive
method
认为哲学应该与神学分开
Hobbes
Leviathan>
利维坦
Materialist
（knowledge
come
from
experience）
Social
Contract
认为最好的统治方式是monarchy
Locke
Treatises
Civil
Government>
政治论
views
（ideas
derived
sensation
or
reflection）
英国在英国革命中有两个领袖，Cromwell
和John
Milton
Cromwell
man
action
thought
Lost>
Regained>
Agonistes>
Areopagiltica>
在英国文学史上ranks
with
Shakespear
Chaucer
Descartes
笛卡尔
Rules
Direction
Mind>
Discourse
on
Method>
Cartesian
Doubt
I
think
therefore
am
法国
it
generally
believed
philosophy
begins
France
Corneille
高乃依<
Le
Cid>
熙得
法国第一部古典主义悲剧，表现责任与爱情的冲突
Racine
Andromaque>
Phaedra>
tragic
dramatist
neoclassical
theatre
表现情感和理性的冲突
Moliere
Tartuffe>
达尔杜夫<
Misanthrope>
愤世嫉俗<
L’Avare>
吝啬鬼
best
representative
Classical
comedies
很多科学器械在被发明：
microscope,
telescope,
thermometer,
barometer,
pendulum
1689，the
Bill
Rights建立了the
Parliament至高无上的权利
法国最著名的建筑：
Palace
Versailles
Garden
Front
East
Front
Louvre
英国最著名建筑：
Paul’s
Cathedral
6.启蒙运动
age
reason
18th
intellectual
movement
starting
important
forerunners
enlightenment
two
Englishmen
Issac
Newton.Locke’s
materialist
Major
force
Philosophes
18世纪两大著名运动：
American
War
Independence（1776）ended
colonial
over
U.S.
Declaration
Independence>
独立宣言
Revolution（1789）ended
Monarchy
Republic
born
1792
Rights
Man>
人权宣言
Philosophy
Literature
Montesquieu
Persian
Letters>
Spirit
laws>
Separation
powers
法国启蒙运动的先驱
Voltaire
Candide>
famous
novels
Lettres
Philosophiques>
Rousseau
contract>
confessions>
Origin
Inequality>
figures
enlightenment
Diderot
Encyclopedie>
Elements
Physiology生理学>
Philosophical
Thoughts>
spokesman
verse
Age
Reason,
Homer,
at
heroic
couplet
擅长英雄双韵体
Essay
Criticism>
Defoe
Robinson
Crusoe>
鲁滨逊漂流记
Swift
satirist
language
satiric
masters
A
modest
Proposal>
Gulliver’
travels>
Henry
Fielding
history
Tom
Jones>
foundling>
Samuel
Richardson
domestic
Pamela>
Johnson
editor
Dictionary
Language>
18世纪英国文学最著名的期刊
Tatler
和
Spectator,
Addison
Steele经常在上面写文章
German
Literature
Philosophy
Lessing
laocoon>
Minna
Von
Barnhelm>
dramastist
classicism
Goethe
Faust>
sorrows
young
Werther>
Wilhelm
Meister’s
Apprenticeship/Travels>
Greatest
Poets
Schiller
Robber>
Cabal
love>
Wallenstein>
Tell>
Kant
Waterhead
Propose
nebular
hypothesis
General
History
Nature
Theory
Heavens>
Critique
pure
reason>
practical
Judgment>
Musical
Enlightenment
J. S. Bach
Christianity Major
musicians
musical
Handel
亨德尔 <
Messiah>
being
crowning
masterpiece
Bach
Baroque
architecture
imposing
best
followed
Period,
roughly
1750
1820
Haydn
String
Quartets>
Symphonies>
Viennese
school
Mozart
Choral
Music>
Concertos>
Operas>
Beethoven
occupy
Pivotal
position,
leaning
much
work
towards
Romantic
Movement
Music
7.
浪漫主义
Romanticism
late
early
19th
Rouseau
France
Storm
Stress
Germany
brought
revolutions
they
caused
Romanticism
rise:
Industrial
economic
put
forward
Adam
Smith
book
Wealth
Nations>
laid
theoret
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