《欧洲文化入门》串讲资料.docx

《欧洲文化入门》串讲资料.docx

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《欧洲文化入门》串讲资料

《欧洲文化入门》串讲资料

1、Therearemanyelementsconstituting（组成）EuropeanCulture.

2、Therearetwomajorelements:

Greco-RomanelementandJudeo-Christian element.

3、Therichness（丰富性）ofEuropeanCulturewascreatedbyGreco-RomanelementandJudeo-Christianelement.

第一章

1、The5thcenturyclosedwithcivilwarbetweenAthensandSparta.

2、TheeconomyofAthensrestedon（依赖）animmense（无限的）amountofslavelabour.

3、Olympusmount,Revivedin1896（当代奥运会）

4、AncientGreece（古希腊）’sepicswascreatedbyHomer.

5、TheyeventsofHomer’sowntime.  （错）

（Theyarenotabouteventsof  Homer’sowntime,probablyintheperiod1200-1100B.C.）

6、TheHomer’sepicsconsistedofIliadandOdyssey.

7、Agamemnon,Hector,AchillesareinIliad.

8、OdysseusandPenelopeareinOdyssey.

9、Odyssey（对其作品产生影响）—→JamesJoyoe’sUlysses（描述一天的生活）.Inthe20thcentury.

10、DramainAncientGreecewasflouredinthe5thcenturyB.C.

11、三大悲剧大师

  ①Aeschylus

《PrometheusBound》—→模仿式作品Shelly《PrometheusUnbound》

②Sophocles（之首）

《OedipustheKing》—→Freud’s“theOedipuscomplex”（恋母情结）—→DavidHerbertLawrence’s《Sonsandlovers》（劳伦斯）447页

  ③Euripides

A．《TrojanWomen》

B．Heisthefirstwriterof“problemplays”（社会问题剧）

在肖伯纳手中达到高潮，属于存在主义戏剧的人物

C．ElizabethBrowningcalledhim“Euripideshuman”（一个纯粹的人）

D．Realismcanbetracedback（追溯到）totheAncientGreece.

Tobespecific（具体来说）,Euripides.

12、TheonlyrepresentativeofGreekcomedyisAristophanes.18页

Aristophaneswritesaboutnature.—→浪漫主义湖畔派（Thelakers）华兹华兹（新古典主义代表作家《格列夫游记》《大人国小人国》《温和的提议》用讽刺的写作手法）

13、History（Historicalwriting）史学创作

※“FatherofHistory”—→Herodotus—→war（betweenGreeksandPersians）

ThiswariscalledPeleponicionwars.博罗奔泥撒，3

只是陈述史实，并没有得出理论。

※“Thegreatesthistorianthateverlived.”（有史以来最伟大的历史学家）—→Thucydides—→war（Sparta,AthensandSyracuse）

14、TheGreekhistoricalwritingwritesmainlyaboutwars.

15、受希腊文化影响的传教士St.Paul.  Democritus（Materialism）

16、希腊文化中的哲学被基督教所吸收

17、①Euclid’sElements解析几何

    ItwasinuseinEnglishschoolsuntiltheearlyyearsofthe20thcentury.（历史地位）

    ②Archimedes

    Hisworknotonlyingeometry几何学,butalsoinarithmetic算术,machanics机械,andhydrostatics.流体静力学

    选择：

Givemeaplacetostand,andIwillmovetheworld.谁的理论（Archimedes）

18、Architecture古希腊建筑三大风格

    temple—→Parthenon帕特农神庙

①TheDoricstyle

          isalsocalledmasculinestyle.（宏伟的）

buttheDoricstyleismonotonousandunadorned（单调）

issturdy（坚强的）,powerful,severelooking（庄严肃穆）andshowingagoodsenseofproportionsandnumbers.

②TheIonicstyle

            isalsocalledthefemininestyle.（阴柔的）

isgraceful（优雅的）andelegant（优美的）.

            TheIonicstyleoftenshowsawealthofornament.（装饰性）

    ③TheCorinthianstyle

            isknownforitsornamentalluxury.（奢侈）

19、Thefamoustemples:

  TheAcrpolisatAthensandtheParthenon.

20、TheburningofCorinthin146B.C.  MarkedRomanconquestofGreece.

21、ThemeltingbetweenRomanCultureandGreekCulture.（罗马征服希腊的标志）

22、From146B.C.,LatinwasthelanguageofthewesternhalfoftheRomanEmpire.

Greekthatoftheeasternhalf.

23、BothLatinandGreekbelongtoIndo-Europeanlanguage.

24、TheRomanwriterHoracesaid“captiveGreecetookherrudeconquerorcaptive”.

25、Thedividingrange（分水岭）intheRomanhistoryrefersto27B.C.

26、Theyear27B.C.DividedtheRomanhistoryintotwoperiods:

republicandempire.

27、TheideaofRepubliccanbetracedbacktoPlato’srepublic.

28、ThelandareaofRomanempirereacheditsclimaxin2to3century.

29、north:

Scotland    east:

ArmeniaandMesopotamia

30、IntheRomanhistory,therecametwohundredyearsofpeacefultime,whichwasguaranteed（保证）bytheRomanlegions（罗马军团）

31、IntheRomanhistory,therecametwohundredyearsofpeacefultime,whichwasknownasPaxRomana.（神圣罗马帝国）

32、名解IntheRomanhistory,therecametwohundredyearsofpeacefultime,whichwasguaranteed（保证）bytheRomanlegions,itwasknownasPaxRomana

33、TheRomanLawprotected（保护）therightsofplebeians（平民）.

34、TheimportantcontributionmadebytheRomanstotheEuropeanculturewastheRomanLaw.

35、After395,theempirewasdividedintoEast（theByzantineEmpire）andWest.

36、Cicero西赛罗

    helegalandpoliticalspeechesaremodelsofLatindiction拉丁语用词

describedasCiceronian.西赛罗式的

anenormousinfluence（巨大影响）onthedevelopmentofEuropeanprose.（散文）

37、JuliusCaesar  commentaries批评论  “Icame,Isaw,Iconquered.”

38、VirgilAeneid阿尼德

39、Thepantheonwasbuiltin27B.C.

Theworld’sfirstvastinteriorspace.世界上第一所最大的室内场所

40、TheColosseum（大理石像）  it’sanenormous.露天的环形影剧院

41、Sculpture（雕塑）    She-wolf（母狼）

42、TherepresentationformofGreekDemocracyiscitizen-assembly.古希腊民主的表现形式

43、TheembodimentofGreekdemocracyiscitizen-assembly.古希腊民主的具体形式

论述简答

一、Whatisthelimitationof“Democracy”inancientGreece?

（名解简答）

（Howdoyouunderstand“Democracy”inancientGreece?

Whatisthedifferencebetween“Democracy”inancientGreeceandmoderndemocracy?

）

答：

  ①Democracymeans“exerciseofpowerbythewholepeople”,butinGreeceby“thewholepeople”theGreeksmeantonlytheadultmalecitizens.

  ②Women,children,foreignersandslaveswereexcludedfromDemocracy.

二、HowdidtheGreekCultureoriginateanddevelop?

答：

①Probablyaround1200B.C.,awarwasfoughtbetweenGreeceandtroy.ThisisthewarthatHomerreferstoinhisepics.

②Greekculturereachedahighpointofdevelopmentinthe5thcenturyB.C.

  A.ThesuccessfulrepulseofthePersianinvasion（入侵）earlyinthe5thcentury.

  B.Theestablishmentofdemocracy.

  C.Theflourishing（蒸蒸日上的）ofscience,philosophy,literature,artandhistoricalwritinginAthens.

③The5thcenturyclosedwithcivilwarbetweenAthensandSparta.

④Inthesecondhalfofthe4thcenturyB.C.,GreecewasconqueredbyAlexander,kingofMacedon.Wheneverhewentandconquered,wheneverGreekculturewasfound.

⑤MeltingbetweenGreekcultureandRomanculturein146B.C.,theRomansconqueredGreece.

三、HowdidtheAncientGreekphilosophydevelop?

答：

（1）、Threefounders

    1、Pythagoras

      ①Allthingswerenumbers.

      ②Scientificmathematics.

      ③Theoryofproportion.比例的理论

    2、Heracleitue

①Fireistheprimary（主要的）elementsoftheuniverse.火是万物之源

      ②Thetheoryoftheminglingofoppositesproducedharmony.矛盾的对立统一

    3、Democritus

      ①theatomictheory.第一个原子理论开拓者

      ②materialism.唯物主义

（2）、Threethinkers

    1、Socrates

①Hehadn’tworks.WecanknowhimfromPlato’sdialogues.

②ThedialecticalmethodwasestablishedbySocrates.

2、Plato

①TheAcademyisthefirstschoolintheworld,itwasestablishedbyPlato.

②Hehasfourworks.Dialogues,Apology,SymposiumandRepublic.

    3、Aristotle

①TheLyceumisthesecondschoolintheworld,itwasestablishedbyAristotle.

②Aristotleisahumanist.

（3）、Fivecontendingschools

  1、TheSophists诡辩派

①UndertheleadershipofProtagoras.

②TherepresentativeofworkisOntheGod.诸神论

③Hisdoctrine教义is“manisthemeasureofallthings”.人是衡量一切的标准

  2、TheCynics犬儒派

①UndertheleadershipofDiogenes.

②Theword“cynic”means“dog”inEnglish.

③Heproclaimed宣扬hisbrotherhood.Andhehadnopatiencewiththerichandpowerful.权利

  3、TheSceptics置疑学派

①UndertheleadershipofPyrrhon.

②Histhoughtisnotallknowledgewasattainable可获得的,anddoubtingthetruthofwhatothersacceptedastrue.

  4、TheEpicureans享乐派

①UndertheleadershipofEpicurus.  选择：

根据领导者的名字直接命名

②Pleasuretobethehighestgoodinlifebutnotsensual肉欲enjoyment.享乐

Pleasurecouldbeattainedbythepracticeofvirtue.通过实行道德获得

        Epicuruswasamaterialist.Hebelievedthattheworldconsistedofatoms.原子

  5、TheStoics斯多哥派

①UndertheleadershipofZeno.

②Histhoughtisdutyisthemostimportantthinginlife.

Oneshouldendure忍受hardship艰难andmisfortune不幸withcourage.勇气

DevelopedintoStoics’duty.

Hewasalsoamaterialist.

四、WhatphilosophysystemdidPlatoestablished?

（WhydowesayPlato’sphilosophysystemwasidealistic?

DoyouthinkPlatobuiltupacomprehensive综合的systemofphilosophy?

）

答：

1、Itdealtwith,amongotherthings,theproblemofhow,inthecomplex,ever—changingworld,menweretoattain获得knowledge.

  2、Thefirstcaseandphysical自然worldshouldtakethesecondarycase.

  3、Idealisticofphilosophy.

  4、ManyofPlato’sideaswerelaterabsorbedintoChristianthought.（吸收到基督教的思想中）

五、What’sthedifferencebetweenPlatoandAristotleintermsoftheirphilosophicalideas（system）？

答：

  1、Foronething,Aristotleemphasized（强调）directobservationofnatureandinsistedthattheoryshouldfollowfact.（理论联系实际）ThisisdifferentfromPlato’sreliance（依赖）onsubjectivethinking.（万物依赖主观思维）

  2、Foranother,hethoughtthat“form”andmattertogethermadeupconcrete（具体的）individual（个别的）realities.（物质与意识共同构成的客观事实）Here,too,hedifferedfromPlatowhoheldthatideashadahigherrealitythanthephysicalworld（意识高于物质）

  3、Aristotlethoughthappinesswasmen’saiminlife.Butnothappinessinthevulgar庸俗的sense,butsomethingthatcouldonlybeachievedbyleadingalifeofreason,goodnessandcontemplation.（善良和期待）

一句话简答题

  Whatshouldbeman’saiminlife?

    Aristotle’sanswerwas:

happiness.

六、WhatisthegreatsignificanceofGreekCultureonthelater-onculturaldevelopment?

    （WhatpositiveinfluencedidtheGreekCultureexert运用ontheworldcivilization文化?

）

答：

 Therehasbeenanenduringexcitement兴奋aboutclassical经典的GreekcultureinEuropeandelsewhere别处.RediscoveryofGreekcultureplayedavital有生命力的partintheRenaissanceinItalyandotherEuropeancountries.

  1、Spiritofinnovation创新精神

  TheGreekpeopleinventedmathematicsandscienceandphilosophy;Theyfirstwrotehistoryasopposed反对tomere纯粹的annals历史记载;Theyspecul