考研英语阅读理解标准90篇+提高30篇Unit19.docx

考研英语阅读理解标准90篇+提高30篇Unit19.docx

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考研英语阅读理解标准90篇+提高30篇Unit19

Unit19

Alittleknowledgeisadangerousthing.

一知半解，自欺欺人。

学习内容

题材

词数

建议时间

得分统计

做题备忘

PartA

Text1

科普知识

419

/10

Text2

科普知识

422

/10

Text3

商业经济

462

/10

Text4

社会生活

469

/10

PartB

科普知识

524

/10

PartC

文化教育

446

/10

PartA

Directions：

Readthefollowingtexts.Answerthequestionsbloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].

Text1

Everyprofessionortrade,everyart,andeverysciencehasitstechnicalvocabulary,thefunctionofwhichispartlytorefertothingsorprocesseswhichhavenonamesinordinaryEnglish,andpartlytosecuregreaterexactnessinnomenclature.Suchspecialdialects,orjargon,arenecessaryintechnicaldiscussionofanykind.Beinguniversallyunderstoodbythedevoteesoftheparticularscienceorart,theyhavetheprecisionofamathematicalformula.Besides,theysavetime,foritismuchmoreeconomicaltonameaprocessthantodescribeit.Thousandsofthesetechnicaltermsareveryproperlyincludedineverylargedictionary,yet,asawhole,theyareratherontheoutskirtsoftheEnglishlanguagethanactuallywithinitsborders.

Differentoccupations,however,differwidelyinthecharacteroftheirspecialvocabularies.Intradesandhandicraftsandotheroccupations,suchasfarmingandfishing,thathaveoccupiedgreatnumbersofmenfromremotetimes,thetechnicalvocabularyisveryold.Itconsistslargelyofnativewords,orofborrowedwordsthathaveworkedthemselvesintotheveryfiberofourlanguage.Hence,thoughhighlytechnicalinmanyparticulars,thesevocabulariesaremorefamiliarinsound,andmoregenerallyunderstoodthanmostothertechnicalities.Thespecialdialectsoflaw,medicine,divinity,andphilosophyhavealso,intheirolderstrata,becomeprettyfamiliartocultivatedpersons,andhavecontributedmuchtothepopularvocabulary.

Yet,everyvocationstillpossessesalargebodyoftechnicaltermsthatremainessentiallyforeign,eventoeducatedspeech.Andtheproportionhasbeenmuchincreasedinthelastfiftyyears,particularlyinthevariousdepartmentsofnaturalandpoliticalsciencesandinthemechanicarts.Hencenewtermsarecoinedwiththegreatestfreedom,andabandonedwithindifferencewhentheyhaveservedtheirturn.Mostofthenewcoinagesareconfinedtospecialdiscussionsandseldomgetintogeneralliteratureorconversation.Yetnoprofessionisnowadays,asallprofessiononcewere,aclosedguild.Thelawyer,thephysician,themanofscience,andtheclericassociatefreelywithhisfellowcreatures,anddoesnotmeettheminamerelyprofessionalway.

Furthermore,whatiscalledpopularsciencemakeseverybodyacquaintedwithmodernviewsandrecentdiscoveries.Anyimportantexperiment,thoughmadeinaremoteorprovinciallaboratory,isatoncereportedinthenewspapers,andeverybodyissoontalkingaboutit—asinthecaseoftheRoentgenraysandwirelesstelegraphy.Thus,ourcommonspeechisalwaystakingupnewtechnicaltermsandmakingthemcommonplace.

1.Thelastsentencesinparagraph1showsthattechnicalterms

[A]areusedintheurbanareas.[B]areusedintheruralareas.

[C]arenotthecoreofcommonspeech.[D]arenotunderstoodbycommonpeople.

2.Whatcanbeinferredfromparagraph2and3?

[A]Technicaltermsfromremotetimesaretoooldforustounderstandtoday.

[B]Specialdialectsoflaw,medicineandsoonarerestrictedtocultivatedpeople

[C]ThewordsoftheEnglishlanguagehavechangedalotinthelastfiftyyears.

[D]Onecanneverbesurewhatawordmeanswithoutconsultinganexpert.

3.Thesentence“Yetnoprofessions…closedguilds”meansthat

[A]itismucheasiertobecomeaprofessionaltodaythanitwas.

[B]thereismorecommunicationbetweenprofessionalsandothers.

[C]popularsciencehastoldhersecretstotheworld.

[D]anyonecannowunderstandanythinginaprofession.

4.Roentgenraysandwirelesstelegraphyarementionedtoshow

[A]rapidoccurrenceofjargon.[B]rapiddisappearanceofjargon.

[C]precisionofjargoninmeaning.[D]popularfamiliaritywithjargon.

5.What’stheauthor’smainpurposeinwritingthistext?

[A]todescribeaphenomenon.[B]toargueaboutabelief.

[C]toproposeasolution.[D]tostimulateanaction.

Text2

Computerprogrammersoftenremarkthatcomputers,withaperfectlackofdiscrimination,willdoanyfoolishthingtheyaretoldtodo.Thereasonforthislies,ofcourse,inthenarrowfixationofthecomputer’s“intelligence”onthedetailsofitsownperceptionsandinitsinabilitytobeguidedbyanylargecontext.Inapsychologicaldescriptionofthecomputerintelligence,threerelatedadjectivescometomind:

single-minded,literal-minded,andsimple-minded.Recognizingthis,weshouldatthesametimerecognizethatthissingle-mindedness,literal-mindedness,andsimple-mindednessalsocharacterizestheoreticalmathematics,thoughtoalesserextent.

Sincesciencetriestodealwithreality,eventhemostprecisesciencesnormallyworkwithmoreorlessimperfectlyunderstoodapproximationstowardwhichscientistsmustmaintainanappropriateskepticism.Thus,forinstance,mathematiciansmaybesurprisedtolearnthattheSehrodingerequationforthehydrogenatomisnotaliterallycorrectdescriptionofthisatombutonlyanapproximationtoasomewhatmorecorrectequationwhichtakesaccountofspin,magneticdipole,andrelativisticeffects.Theymayalsobeshockedtoseethiscorrectedequationisitselfonlyanimperfectapproximationtoaninfinitesetofquantumfieldtheoreticalequations.Physicists,lookingattheoriginalSehrodingerequation,learntosenseinitthepresenceofmanyinvisibletermsinadditiontothedifferentialtermsvisible,andthissenseinspiresanentirelyappropriatedisregardforthepurelytechnicalfeaturesoftheequation.Thisveryhealthyskepticismisforeigntothemathematicalapproach.

Mathematicsmustdealwithwell-definedsituations.Thus,mathematiciansdependonanintellectualeffortoutsideofmathematicsforthecrucialspecificationoftheapproximationthatmathematicsistotakeliterally.Givemathematiciansasituationthatistheleastbitill-defined,andtheywillmakeitwell-defined,perhapsappropriately,butperhapsinappropriately.Insomecases,themathematicians’literal-mindednessmayhaveunfortunateconsequences.Themathematiciansturnthescientists’theoreticalassumptions,thatis,theirconvenientpointsofanalyticalemphasisintoaxioms,andthentaketheseaxiomsliterally.Thisbringsthedangerthattheymayalsopersuadethescientiststotaketheseaxiomsliterally.Thequestion,centraltothescientificinvestigationbutintenselydisturbinginthemathematicalcontext—whathappensiftheaxiomsarerelaxed?

—istherebyignored.

Thephysicistrightlydreadspreciseargument,sinceanargumentthatisconvincingonlyifitispreciselosesallitsforceiftheassumptionsonwhichitisbasedareslightlychanged,whereasanargumentthatisconvincingthoughimprecisemaywellbestableundersmalldisturbancesofitsunderlyingassumptions.

6.Theauthordiscussescomputersinthefirstparagraphprimarilyinorderto

[A]provethatcomputerscarryouttasksinamechanicalway.

[B]discusscomputersfromthepsychologicaltermstoexplainitsfeatures.

[C]comparetheworkofmathematicianswiththatofcomputerprogrammers.

[D]illustratehisviewsabouttheapproachofmathematicianstoproblemsolving.

7.Scientistsareskepticaltowardtheirequationsbecausethey

[A]areunabletoexpresstheirdataintermsofmultiplevariables.

[B]knowwell-definedproblemsareoftenthemostdifficulttosolve.

[C]worktoexplainreal,ratherthantheoreticalorsimplifiedsituations.

[D]areunabletoacceptmathematicalexplanationsofnaturalphenomena.

8.Theauthorsuggeststhattheapproachofphysiciststosolvingscientificproblemsis

[A]harmfultoscientificprogress.

[B]practicalforscientificpurposes.

[C]effective,butrarelyrecognizedassuch.

[D]helpful,butoflittlelong-termvalue.

9.Whydomathematicianspresentadangertoscientists?

[A]Scientistsmaycometobelievethataxiomaticstatementsareuntrue.

[B]Scientistsmaybegintoprovideimprecisebutconvincingarguments.

[C]Mathematiciansmayconvincescientiststhattheoreticalassumptionsarefacts.

[D]Scientistsmaydefinesituationsinanincomprehensiblewaytomathematicians.

10.Fromthelastparagraph,theassumptionmadebyscientistsaboutscientificargumentsisthat

[A]thepremisesonwhichtheargumentsarebasedmaychange.

[B]theargumentsprobablywillbeconvincingonlytootherscientists.

[C]theconclusionsoftheargumentsdonotnecessarilyfollowfromtheirpremises.

[D]theargumentsnecessarilyignorethecentralquestionofscientificinvestigation.

Text3

Therehewas—America’sfirstpresidentwithaMBA,themanwholovestoboastabouthisbusinessbackground,whosepresidentialcampaignraisedunprecedentedsumsfromcorporatewalletsandwhosecabinetisstuffedwithchiefexecutives—standingbefore700pinstripedtitansinaNewYorkhotelballroom,dressingthemdown.FaithintheintegrityofAmericanbusinessleaderswasbeingundermined,GeorgeBushsaidfiercely,byexecutives“breachingtrustandabusingpower”.Itwastimefor“anewethicofpersonalresponsibilityinthebusinesscommunity”.Hewasgoingto“endthedaysofcookingthebooks,shadingthetruthandbreakingourlaws”

Onlymonthsago,theideathatMr.BushwouldpubliclylambasteAmerica’scorporatebosseswaslaughable.Asacandidate,borneonthewaveofadecade-longeconomicboomandanunprecedented18-yearbullmarket,hecashedinonAme