从合作原则角度看英汉习语文化与翻译.docx

从合作原则角度看英汉习语文化与翻译.docx

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从合作原则角度看英汉习语文化与翻译

StudyonCultureandTranslationofEnglishandChineseidiomsfromthePerspectiveofCooperativePrinciple

从合作原则角度看英汉习语文化与翻译

ABSTRACT

Withthegrowingofeconomicglobalization,theworldismoreconnectedwithculturalexchangesincreasedallovertheworld.Peopleareeagertolearnnewthingsfromforeigncountries.However,Peoplecancommunicatewithothersinaneffectivewaybyspokenorwrittenthesamelanguage.Asidiomsareimportantascomponentpartsoflanguages,itbecomemoreimportantinlanguagestudy.Therefore,therearemanydifferencesbetweenChinaandEnglish-speakingcountriesinculturalbackground,customs,geography,styleoflanguage,religionsbeliefandsoon.ResearchofCulturalandTranslationbetweenEnglishandChineseisparticularlyimportant.ThispaperisdevotedtomakeastudyofEnglishandChineseculturaldifferencesandidioms'translationthroughthecooperativeprinciples,inordertounderstandEnglishandChineseculturebetter,andthisstudymaybebenefittotranslationofEnglishandChineseidioms.。

摘要

随着经济全球化的发展，各国间的联系日益加深，文化间的交流也日益紧密。

人们开始迫切地想要了解国外的一切新奇的事物，作为人们彼此了解交往最直接最有效的手段当然非语言莫属，而习语作为语言中的一个重要组成部分，自然成为语言研究的一个要点。

由于各国间文化背景、生活习俗、地理环境、语言风格、宗教信仰等不尽相同，英汉习语文化对比与翻译的相关研究就显得尤为重要了。

本文试图借助语用学合作原则的相关理论，对英汉习语的文化差异与翻译作一些探索，以期能更好地理解英汉习语文化，更贴切地进行英汉习语的翻译。

Keywords:

Idiom,translation,cooperativeprinciples

关键词:

英汉习语,翻译，合作原则

CONTENTS

Introduction……………………………………………………………..1

1.ConceptofLanguageandCulture…………………………………...2

1.1TheDefinitionofGrice’sCooperativePrinciple…………………………….2

1.2TheDefinitionofLanguage…………………………………………………...3

1.3TheDefinitionofCulture……………………………………………………...3

1.4InteractiveRelationshipofLanguageandCulture………………………….4

1.5DivergencesofLanguageandCulture………………………………………4

2.CultureofEnglishandChineseidioms……………………………...6

2.1.IdiomsandCulture…………………………………………………….……..6

2.2TheFundamentalFeaturesofEnglishandChineseIdioms………………...6

2.2.1NationalCharacteristics…………………………………………………………….6

2.2.2DifferentGeographicalConditions…………………………………………………6

2.2.3DifferentHistoricalBackgrounds…………………………………………………..7

2.2.4DifferentCulturalHeritages………………………………………………………..7

2.2.5DifferentReligiousBeliefs…………………………………………………………..8

2.2.6DifferentSocialCustoms……………………………………………………………8

3.TranslationofEnglishandChineseidiomswiththeCooperativePrinciple………………………………………………………………...10

3.1TranslationofEnglishandChineseidiomswiththeQualityMaxim........10

3.2TranslationofEnglishandChineseidiomswiththeQuantityMaxim.....10

3.3TranslationofEnglishandChineseidiomswiththeRelationMaxim..…11

3.4TranslationofEnglishandChineseidiomswiththeMannerMaxim.......11

Conclusion……………………………………………………………...13

References……………………………………………………………...14

Introduction

Astheworldismoreconnectedwithculturalexchangesincreasedallovertheworld.peopleareeagertolearnnewthingsfromforeigncountries.However,tocommunicatewithothersthefirstthingweshouldlearnislanguage.Idiomsisoneimportantpartoflanguage,andlearntheidiomsmaybebenefittothestudyoflanguage.Therefore,therearemanydifferencesbetweenChinaandEnglish-speakingcountriesinculturalbackground,customs,geography,styleoflanguage,religionsbeliefandsoon.researchofCulturalandTranslationbetweenEnglishandChineseisparticularlyimportant.ThispaperattemptstocooperatewithEnglishandculturaldifferencesandtranslationforsomeexplorationthroughtheprinciplesofcooperativepragmatictheories,inordertobetterunderstandEnglishandChineseculture,andbenefinefortranslationofEnglishandChineseidioms.

Thisthesisfallsintofiveparts.Thefirstpartisintroduction,whichgivesabriefintroductiontothewholepaper,includingthethepurposeofthethesisandtheframeworkofit.Thesecondpartisdevotedtointroducesomeconceptaboutculturalandtranslation.ThethirdpartisdevotedtointroducethecultureofEnglishandChineseidioms.ThefourthpartisdevotedtointroducethetranslationofEnglishandChineseidioms.Thelastpartisconclusionwhichgivessummarytothemainideaandtheconclusionofthewholepaper.

1.ConceptofLanguageandCulture

1.1.TheDefinitionofGrice’sCooperativePrinciple

InordertoexaminetheCooperativePrinciple,wewillfirstoutlinebrieflythebasicconceptsbehindtheCPandMaxims.PreviousworkbyAustin（1962）andSearle（1969）hadlargelybeenconcernedwiththerelationshipbetweendirectandindirectspeechacts,andtheconceptthatyoucould‘do’thingswithwords:

languageisasmuchofanactionasopeningadoororclosingawindow.TheseproponentsoftheUsetheoryhadmovedawayfromthetruthvaluesapproach,andtherelianceonsenseandreferenceasthesourceofmeaning（e.g.Frege&Russell）.Therewasalsoagrowinginterestinthemeaningofutterancesratherthanjustsentences.Ithadbeennotedthatatthediscourselevelthereisnoone-to-onemappingbetweenlinguisticformandutterancemeaning.Aparticularintendedmeaning（whichcouldbeproducedviaadirectspeechact）caninfactbeconveyedbyanynumberofindirectspeechacts.Griceisconcernedwiththisdistinctionbetweensayingandmeaning.Howdospeakersknowhowtogeneratetheseimplicitmeanings,andhowcantheyassumethattheiraddresseeswillreliablyunderstandtheirintendedmeaning?

Hisaimistodiscoverthemechanismbehindthisprocess.

（1）A:

Isthereanotherpintofmilk?

B:

I’mgoingtothesupermarketinfiveminutes.

Intheaboveexample,acompetentspeakerofEnglishwouldhavelittletroubleinferringthemeaningthatthereisnomoremilkatthemoment,butthatsomewillbeboughtfromthesupermarketshortly.GricepositstheCPanditsattendantfourmaximsasawayofexplainingthisimplicationprocess:

TheCooperativePrinciple

“Makeyourcontributionsuchasrequired,atthestageatwhichitoccurs,bytheacceptedpurposeordirectionofthetalkexchangeinwhichyouareengaged”.

Grice（1975:

45）

TheMaxims

QuantityMakeyourcontributionasinformativeasisrequired

Donotmakeyourcontributionmoreinformativethanisrequired

QualityDonotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse

Donotsaythatforwhichyoulackadequateevidence

RelationBerelevant

MannerAvoidobscurityofexpression

Avoidambiguity

Bebrief（avoidunnecessaryprolixity）

Beorderly

Grice（1975:

45-46）

Hesuggeststhatthereisanacceptedwayofspeakingwhichweallacceptas

standardbehaviour.Whenweproduce,orhear,anutterance,weassumethatitwill

generallybetrue,havetherightamountofinformation,berelevant,andwillbecouched

inunderstandableterms.Ifanutterancedoesnotappeartoconformtothismodel（e.g.

B’sutteranceinabove）,thenwedonotassumethattheutteranceisnonsense;rather,

weassumethatanappropriatemeaningistheretobeinferred.InGrice’sterms,amaxim

hasbeenflouted,andanimplicaturegenerated.Withoutsuchanassumption,itwouldnot

beworthaco-interactantinvestingtheeffortneededtointerpretanindirectspeechact.

1.2TheDefinitionofLanguage

Itisgenerallyacceptedthatthepossessionoflanguagedistinguishesmanfromotheranimals.Definitionsoflanguagearenotdifficulttofnd,butusuallyscholarsmakeapointofoneortwoaspectsofthelanguage.Sofarnocompletelysatisfactorydefinitionseemstohavebeengiven.Belowaresomeoftenquotedones.

Wardhaugh（1977:

3）thoughtthatthecommonlyaccepteddefinitionoflanguagewas:

"Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication."AccordingtoSapir（1921:

8},"languageisapurelyhumanandnon-instinctivemethodofcommunicatingideas,emotionsanddesiresbymeansofvoluntarilyproducedsymbols."Homers&Blanc（1989:

116,quotedfromXuLin1999:

9）stated,"Languageisacomponentofculturealongwithotherentitieslike,forexample,values,beliefsandnorms."Onthebasisoftheabove-mentionedpoints,wemayfndthathumanlanguageisnotanisolatedphenomenonbutasocialactivitycloselyrelatedtosocialculture,andtheexistenceoflanguageismainlyforthepurposeofhumancommunication.Itisactuallyaspecificsocialactionandacarrierofinformation.Wordsandphrasesindailycommunicationnotonlyrefertotheformofsomeconceptbutalsoareacondensedprototypeofhugepsychologicalcapacityandemotionalcoloring,aconcentrateddepositofhistoryandculture.Thereisnodoubtthatlanguageisinseparablefromhumansocietyanditsculture,Itcomprisespeople'sapproachtolifeandtheirwayoflivingandthinking.Laotherwords,languageisoftenculture-loadedandactsasatransmitterofhistoryandculture.Itgrowsanddevelopswiththegrowthanddevelopmentofasociety.

1.3TheDefinitionofCulture

Theconceptofcultureisfacedwithsimilar,ifnotmorecomplicatedproblems.Differentscholarsdefine"culture"fromdifferentangles,soitisdifficulttogiveawidelyaccepteddefinition.Whathasbeentermedtheclassicdefinitionofculturewasprovidedbythel9thcenturyEnglishanthropologistEdwardBarnetTylor,whodeclaredthat:

"Culture...isthatcomplexwholewhichincludedknowledge,belief,art,morals,law,custom,andothercapabilitiesandhabitsacquiredbymanasamemberofsociety."Thatistosay,cultureisakindoflifestylethatthemembersofacommunitymaintainandpassasrelicsfromgenerationtogeneration.

Withtheincreasingmaturityofanthropologicalscience,furtherreflectionsuponthenatureol`theirsubjectmatterandconceptsledtoamultiplicationanddiversificationofdefinitionofculture.Thedefinitionsofculturerangesfrom"learnedbehavior"to"ideasinthemind,""alogicalconstruct,""astatisticalfiction,""apsychicdefensemecha