从合作原则角度看英汉习语文化与翻译.docx
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从合作原则角度看英汉习语文化与翻译
StudyonCultureandTranslationofEnglishandChineseidiomsfromthePerspectiveofCooperativePrinciple
从合作原则角度看英汉习语文化与翻译
ABSTRACT
Withthegrowingofeconomicglobalization,theworldismoreconnectedwithculturalexchangesincreasedallovertheworld.Peopleareeagertolearnnewthingsfromforeigncountries.However,Peoplecancommunicatewithothersinaneffectivewaybyspokenorwrittenthesamelanguage.Asidiomsareimportantascomponentpartsoflanguages,itbecomemoreimportantinlanguagestudy.Therefore,therearemanydifferencesbetweenChinaandEnglish-speakingcountriesinculturalbackground,customs,geography,styleoflanguage,religionsbeliefandsoon.ResearchofCulturalandTranslationbetweenEnglishandChineseisparticularlyimportant.ThispaperisdevotedtomakeastudyofEnglishandChineseculturaldifferencesandidioms'translationthroughthecooperativeprinciples,inordertounderstandEnglishandChineseculturebetter,andthisstudymaybebenefittotranslationofEnglishandChineseidioms.。
摘要
随着经济全球化的发展,各国间的联系日益加深,文化间的交流也日益紧密。
人们开始迫切地想要了解国外的一切新奇的事物,作为人们彼此了解交往最直接最有效的手段当然非语言莫属,而习语作为语言中的一个重要组成部分,自然成为语言研究的一个要点。
由于各国间文化背景、生活习俗、地理环境、语言风格、宗教信仰等不尽相同,英汉习语文化对比与翻译的相关研究就显得尤为重要了。
本文试图借助语用学合作原则的相关理论,对英汉习语的文化差异与翻译作一些探索,以期能更好地理解英汉习语文化,更贴切地进行英汉习语的翻译。
Keywords:
Idiom,translation,cooperativeprinciples
关键词:
英汉习语,翻译,合作原则
CONTENTS
Introduction……………………………………………………………..1
1.ConceptofLanguageandCulture…………………………………...2
1.1TheDefinitionofGrice’sCooperativePrinciple…………………………….2
1.2TheDefinitionofLanguage…………………………………………………...3
1.3TheDefinitionofCulture……………………………………………………...3
1.4InteractiveRelationshipofLanguageandCulture………………………….4
1.5DivergencesofLanguageandCulture………………………………………4
2.CultureofEnglishandChineseidioms……………………………...6
2.1.IdiomsandCulture…………………………………………………….……..6
2.2TheFundamentalFeaturesofEnglishandChineseIdioms………………...6
2.2.1NationalCharacteristics…………………………………………………………….6
2.2.2DifferentGeographicalConditions…………………………………………………6
2.2.3DifferentHistoricalBackgrounds…………………………………………………..7
2.2.4DifferentCulturalHeritages………………………………………………………..7
2.2.5DifferentReligiousBeliefs…………………………………………………………..8
2.2.6DifferentSocialCustoms……………………………………………………………8
3.TranslationofEnglishandChineseidiomswiththeCooperativePrinciple………………………………………………………………...10
3.1TranslationofEnglishandChineseidiomswiththeQualityMaxim........10
3.2TranslationofEnglishandChineseidiomswiththeQuantityMaxim.....10
3.3TranslationofEnglishandChineseidiomswiththeRelationMaxim..…11
3.4TranslationofEnglishandChineseidiomswiththeMannerMaxim.......11
Conclusion……………………………………………………………...13
References……………………………………………………………...14
Introduction
Astheworldismoreconnectedwithculturalexchangesincreasedallovertheworld.peopleareeagertolearnnewthingsfromforeigncountries.However,tocommunicatewithothersthefirstthingweshouldlearnislanguage.Idiomsisoneimportantpartoflanguage,andlearntheidiomsmaybebenefittothestudyoflanguage.Therefore,therearemanydifferencesbetweenChinaandEnglish-speakingcountriesinculturalbackground,customs,geography,styleoflanguage,religionsbeliefandsoon.researchofCulturalandTranslationbetweenEnglishandChineseisparticularlyimportant.ThispaperattemptstocooperatewithEnglishandculturaldifferencesandtranslationforsomeexplorationthroughtheprinciplesofcooperativepragmatictheories,inordertobetterunderstandEnglishandChineseculture,andbenefinefortranslationofEnglishandChineseidioms.
Thisthesisfallsintofiveparts.Thefirstpartisintroduction,whichgivesabriefintroductiontothewholepaper,includingthethepurposeofthethesisandtheframeworkofit.Thesecondpartisdevotedtointroducesomeconceptaboutculturalandtranslation.ThethirdpartisdevotedtointroducethecultureofEnglishandChineseidioms.ThefourthpartisdevotedtointroducethetranslationofEnglishandChineseidioms.Thelastpartisconclusionwhichgivessummarytothemainideaandtheconclusionofthewholepaper.
1.ConceptofLanguageandCulture
1.1.TheDefinitionofGrice’sCooperativePrinciple
InordertoexaminetheCooperativePrinciple,wewillfirstoutlinebrieflythebasicconceptsbehindtheCPandMaxims.PreviousworkbyAustin(1962)andSearle(1969)hadlargelybeenconcernedwiththerelationshipbetweendirectandindirectspeechacts,andtheconceptthatyoucould‘do’thingswithwords:
languageisasmuchofanactionasopeningadoororclosingawindow.TheseproponentsoftheUsetheoryhadmovedawayfromthetruthvaluesapproach,andtherelianceonsenseandreferenceasthesourceofmeaning(e.g.Frege&Russell).Therewasalsoagrowinginterestinthemeaningofutterancesratherthanjustsentences.Ithadbeennotedthatatthediscourselevelthereisnoone-to-onemappingbetweenlinguisticformandutterancemeaning.Aparticularintendedmeaning(whichcouldbeproducedviaadirectspeechact)caninfactbeconveyedbyanynumberofindirectspeechacts.Griceisconcernedwiththisdistinctionbetweensayingandmeaning.Howdospeakersknowhowtogeneratetheseimplicitmeanings,andhowcantheyassumethattheiraddresseeswillreliablyunderstandtheirintendedmeaning?
Hisaimistodiscoverthemechanismbehindthisprocess.
(1)A:
Isthereanotherpintofmilk?
B:
I’mgoingtothesupermarketinfiveminutes.
Intheaboveexample,acompetentspeakerofEnglishwouldhavelittletroubleinferringthemeaningthatthereisnomoremilkatthemoment,butthatsomewillbeboughtfromthesupermarketshortly.GricepositstheCPanditsattendantfourmaximsasawayofexplainingthisimplicationprocess:
TheCooperativePrinciple
“Makeyourcontributionsuchasrequired,atthestageatwhichitoccurs,bytheacceptedpurposeordirectionofthetalkexchangeinwhichyouareengaged”.
Grice(1975:
45)
TheMaxims
QuantityMakeyourcontributionasinformativeasisrequired
Donotmakeyourcontributionmoreinformativethanisrequired
QualityDonotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse
Donotsaythatforwhichyoulackadequateevidence
RelationBerelevant
MannerAvoidobscurityofexpression
Avoidambiguity
Bebrief(avoidunnecessaryprolixity)
Beorderly
Grice(1975:
45-46)
Hesuggeststhatthereisanacceptedwayofspeakingwhichweallacceptas
standardbehaviour.Whenweproduce,orhear,anutterance,weassumethatitwill
generallybetrue,havetherightamountofinformation,berelevant,andwillbecouched
inunderstandableterms.Ifanutterancedoesnotappeartoconformtothismodel(e.g.
B’sutteranceinabove),thenwedonotassumethattheutteranceisnonsense;rather,
weassumethatanappropriatemeaningistheretobeinferred.InGrice’sterms,amaxim
hasbeenflouted,andanimplicaturegenerated.Withoutsuchanassumption,itwouldnot
beworthaco-interactantinvestingtheeffortneededtointerpretanindirectspeechact.
1.2TheDefinitionofLanguage
Itisgenerallyacceptedthatthepossessionoflanguagedistinguishesmanfromotheranimals.Definitionsoflanguagearenotdifficulttofnd,butusuallyscholarsmakeapointofoneortwoaspectsofthelanguage.Sofarnocompletelysatisfactorydefinitionseemstohavebeengiven.Belowaresomeoftenquotedones.
Wardhaugh(1977:
3)thoughtthatthecommonlyaccepteddefinitionoflanguagewas:
"Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication."AccordingtoSapir(1921:
8},"languageisapurelyhumanandnon-instinctivemethodofcommunicatingideas,emotionsanddesiresbymeansofvoluntarilyproducedsymbols."Homers&Blanc(1989:
116,quotedfromXuLin1999:
9)stated,"Languageisacomponentofculturealongwithotherentitieslike,forexample,values,beliefsandnorms."Onthebasisoftheabove-mentionedpoints,wemayfndthathumanlanguageisnotanisolatedphenomenonbutasocialactivitycloselyrelatedtosocialculture,andtheexistenceoflanguageismainlyforthepurposeofhumancommunication.Itisactuallyaspecificsocialactionandacarrierofinformation.Wordsandphrasesindailycommunicationnotonlyrefertotheformofsomeconceptbutalsoareacondensedprototypeofhugepsychologicalcapacityandemotionalcoloring,aconcentrateddepositofhistoryandculture.Thereisnodoubtthatlanguageisinseparablefromhumansocietyanditsculture,Itcomprisespeople'sapproachtolifeandtheirwayoflivingandthinking.Laotherwords,languageisoftenculture-loadedandactsasatransmitterofhistoryandculture.Itgrowsanddevelopswiththegrowthanddevelopmentofasociety.
1.3TheDefinitionofCulture
Theconceptofcultureisfacedwithsimilar,ifnotmorecomplicatedproblems.Differentscholarsdefine"culture"fromdifferentangles,soitisdifficulttogiveawidelyaccepteddefinition.Whathasbeentermedtheclassicdefinitionofculturewasprovidedbythel9thcenturyEnglishanthropologistEdwardBarnetTylor,whodeclaredthat:
"Culture...isthatcomplexwholewhichincludedknowledge,belief,art,morals,law,custom,andothercapabilitiesandhabitsacquiredbymanasamemberofsociety."Thatistosay,cultureisakindoflifestylethatthemembersofacommunitymaintainandpassasrelicsfromgenerationtogeneration.
Withtheincreasingmaturityofanthropologicalscience,furtherreflectionsuponthenatureol`theirsubjectmatterandconceptsledtoamultiplicationanddiversificationofdefinitionofculture.Thedefinitionsofculturerangesfrom"learnedbehavior"to"ideasinthemind,""alogicalconstruct,""astatisticalfiction,""apsychicdefensemecha