linguistics-notes-胡壮麟-语言学笔记(1)Word格式文档下载.doc
《linguistics-notes-胡壮麟-语言学笔记(1)Word格式文档下载.doc》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《linguistics-notes-胡壮麟-语言学笔记(1)Word格式文档下载.doc(72页珍藏版)》请在冰点文库上搜索。
由于水平有限,加之时间仓促,疏漏之处在所难免,欢迎各位读者批评指正。
冰暖茶2006年11月
目录
前言…………………………………………………………………………………………… 1
目录…………………………………………………………………………………………… 3
第一部分各章节提纲笔记…………………………………………………………………… 4
Chapter1InvitationstoLinguistics…………………………………………………………… 4
Chapter2SpeechSounds……………………………………………………………………… 8
Chapter3Lexicon……………………………………………………………………………… 14
Chapter4Syntax…………………………………………………………………………… … 21
Chapter5Meaning……………………………………………………………………………… 26
Chapter6LanguageProcessinginMind……………………………………………………… 29
Chapter7Language,CultureandSociety……………………………………………………… 35
Chapter8LanguageinUse……………………………………………………………………… 38
Chapter9LanguageandLiterature……………………………………………………………… 44
Chapter10LanguageandComputer…………………………………………………………… 49
Chapter11LinguisticsandForeignLanguageTeaching……………………………………… 53
Chapter12TheoriesandSchoolsofModernLinguistics……………………………………… 59
第二部分重点章节测试题…………………………………………………………………… 67
TestOneInvitationstoLinguistics……………………………………………………………… 67
TestTwoPhoneticsandPhonology…………………………………………………………… 70
TestThreeMorphology………………………………………………………………………… 73
TestFourSyntax………………………………………………………………………………… 76
TestFiveSemantics…………………………………………………………………………… 79
TestSixPragmatics……………………………………………………………………………… 82
TestSevenLanguage,CultureandSociety……………………………………………………… 85
TestEightTheoriesandSchoolsofModernLinguistics……………………………………… 88
第三部分测试题参考答案…………………………………………………………………… 91
参考书目………………………………………………………………………………………100
第一部分各章节提纲笔记
Chapter1InvitationstoLinguistics
1.1 Whystudylanguage?
1. Languageisveryessentialtohumanbeings.
2. Inlanguagetherearemanythingsweshouldknow.
3. Forfurtherunderstanding,weneedtostudylanguagescientifically.
1.2 Whatislanguage?
Languageisameansofverbalcommunication.Itisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.
1.3 Designfeaturesoflanguage
Thefeaturesthatdefineourhumanlanguagescanbecalleddesignfeatureswhichcandistinguishhumanlanguagefromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.
1.3.1 Arbitrariness
Arbitrarinessreferstothefactthattheformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeanings.
1.3.2 Duality
Dualityreferstothepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructures,suchthatunitsoftheprimarylevelarecomposedofelementsofthesecondarylevelandeachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciplesoforganization.
1.3.3 Creativity
Creativitymeansthatlanguageisresourcefulbecauseofitsdualityanditsrecursiveness.Recursivenessreferstotherulewhichcanbeappliedrepeatedlywithoutanydefinitelimit.Therecursivenatureoflanguageprovidesatheoreticalbasisforthepossibilityofcreatingendlesssentences.
1.3.4 Displacement
Displacementmeansthathumanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconceptswhicharenotpresent(intimeandspace)atthemomentofconversation.
1.4 Originoflanguage
1. Thebow-wowtheory
Inprimitivetimespeopleimitatedthesoundsoftheanimalcallsinthewildenvironmenttheylivedandspeechdevelopedfromthat.
2. Thepooh-poohtheory
Inthehardlifeofourprimitiveancestors,theyutterinstinctivesoundsofpains,angerandjoywhichgraduallydevelopedintolanguage.
3. The“yo-he-ho”theory
Asprimitivepeopleworkedtogether,theyproducedsomerhythmicgruntswhichgraduallydevelopedintochantsandthenintolanguage.
1.5 Functionsoflanguage
AsisproposedbyJacobson,languagehassixfunctions:
1. Referential:
toconveymessageandinformation;
2. Poetic:
toindulgeinlanguageforitsownsake;
3. Emotive:
toexpressattitudes,feelingsandemotions;
4. Conative:
topersuadeandinfluenceothersthroughcommandsandentreaties;
5. Phatic:
toestablishcommunionwithothers;
6. Metalingual:
toclearupintentions,wordsandmeanings.
Halliday(1994)proposesatheoryofmetafunctionsoflanguage.Itmeansthatlanguagehasthreemetafunctions:
1. Ideationalfunction:
toconveynewinformation,tocommunicateacontentthatisunknowntothehearer;
2. Interpersonalfunction:
embodyingalluseoflanguagetoexpresssocialandpersonalrelationships;
3. Textualfunction:
referringtothefactthatlanguagehasmechanismstomakeanystretchofspokenandwrittendiscourseintoacoherentandunifiedtextandmakealivingpassagedifferentfromarandomlistofsentences.
AccordingtoHuZhuanglin,languagehasatleastsevenfunctions:
1.5.1 Informative
Theinformativefunctionmeanslanguageistheinstrumentofthoughtandpeopleoftenuseittocommunicatenewinformation.
1.5.2 Interpersonalfunction
Theinterpersonalfunctionmeanspeoplecanuselanguagetoestablishandmaintaintheirstatusinasociety.
1.5.3 Performative
Theperformativefunctionoflanguageisprimarilytochangethesocialstatusofpersons,asinmarriageceremonies,thesentencingofcriminals,theblessingofchildren,thenamingofashipatalaunchingceremony,andthecursingofenemies.
1.5.4 Emotivefunction
Theemotivefunctionisoneofthemostpowerfulusesoflanguagebecauseitissocrucialinchangingtheemotionalstatusofanaudiencefororagainstsomeoneorsomething.
1.5.5 Phaticcommunion
Thephaticcommunionmeanspeoplealwaysusesomesmall,seeminglymeaninglessexpressionssuchasGoodmorning,Godblessyou,Niceday,etc.,tomaintainacomfortablerelationshipbetweenpeoplewithoutanyfactualcontent.
1.5.6 Recreationalfunction
Therecreationalfunctionmeanspeopleuselanguageforthesheerjoyofusingit,suchasababy’sbabblingorachanter’schanting.
1.5.7 Metalingualfunction
Themetalingualfunctionmeanspeoplecanuselanguagetotalkaboutitself.E.g.Icanusetheword“book”totalkaboutabook,andIcanalsousetheexpression“thewordbook”totalkaboutthesign“b-o-o-k”itself.
1.6 Whatislinguistics?
Linguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage.Itstudiesnotjustonelanguageofanyonecommunity,butthelanguageofallhumanbeings.
1.7 Mainbranchesoflinguistics
1.7.1 Phonetics
Phoneticsisthestudyofspeechsounds,itincludesthreemainareas:
articulatoryphonetics,acousticphonetics,andauditoryphonetics.
1.7.2 Phonology
Phonologystudiestherulesgoverningthestructure,distribution,andsequencingofspeechsoundsandtheshapeofsyllables.
1.7.3 Morphology
Morphologystudiestheminimalunitsofmeaning–morphemesandword-formationprocesses.
1.7.4 Syntax
Syntaxreferstotherulesgoverningthewaywordsarecombinedtoformsentencesinalanguage,orsimply,thestudyoftheformationofsentences.
1.7.5 Semantics
Semanticsexamineshowmeaningisencodedinalanguage.
1.7.6 Pragmatics
Pragmaticsisthestudyofmeaningincontext.
1.8 Macrolinguistics
Macrolinguisticsisthestudyoflanguageinallaspects,distinctfrommicrolinguistics,whichdealtsolelywiththeformalaspectoflanguagesystem.
1.8.1 Psycholinguistics
Psycholinguisticsinvestigatestheinterrelationoflanguageandmind,inprocessingandproducingutterancesandinlanguageacquisitionforexample.
1.8.2 Sociolinguistics
Sociolinguisticsisatermwhichcoversavarietyofdifferentinterestsinlanguageandsociety,includingthelanguageandthesocialcharacteristicsofitsusers.
1.8.3 Anthropologicallinguistics
Anthropologicallinguisticsstudiestherelationshipbetweenlanguageandcultureinacommunity.
1.8.4 Computationallinguistics
Computationallinguisticsisaninterdisciplinaryfieldwhichcentersaroundtheuseofcomputerstoprocessorproducehumanlanguage.
1.9 Importantdistinctionsinlinguistics
1.9.1 Descriptivevs.prescriptive
Tosaythatlinguisticsisadescriptivescienceistosaythatthelinguisttriestodiscoverandrecordtherulestowhichthemembersofalanguage-communityactuallyconformanddoesnotseektoimposeuponthemotherrules,ornorms,ofcorrectness.
Prescriptivelinguisticsaimstolaydownrulesforthecorrectuseoflanguageandsettlethedisputesoverusageonceandforall.
Forexample,“Don’tsayX.”isaprescriptivecommand;
“Peopledon’tsayX.”isadescriptivestatement.Thedistinctionliesinprescribinghowthingsoughttobeanddescribinghowthingsare.Inthe18thcentury,allthemainEuropeanlanguageswerestudiedprescriptively.However,modernlinguisticsismostlydescriptivebecausethenatureoflinguisticsasasciencedeterminesitspreoccupationwithdescriptioninsteadofprescription.
1.9.2 Synchronicvs.diachronic
Asynchronicstudytakesafixedinstant(usuallyatpresent)asitspointofobservation.Saussure’sdiachronicdescriptionisthestudyofalanguagethroughthecourseofitshistory.E.g.astudyofthefeaturesoftheEnglishusedinShakespeare’stimewouldbesynchronic,andastudyofthechangesEnglishhasundergonesincethenwouldbeadiachronicstudy.Inmodernlinguistics,synchronicstudyseemstoenjoypriorityoverdiachronicstudy.Thereasonisthatunlessthevariousstateofalanguagearesuccessfullystudieditwouldbedifficulttodescribethechangesthathave