词汇学论文-构词法Word格式文档下载.doc

词汇学论文-构词法Word格式文档下载.doc

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王启飞

学号：

20120301119

Abstract:

VocabularyisoneofthemainobstaclesofEnglishstudy.HoweverEnglishwordformationcanhelpusrecognizeEnglishwords,understandthemcorrectly,andenlargeourvocabularyquickly.ItisanefficientwayandpowerfulweaponforEnglishstudy.Amongthem，affixationisthestrongestonetoformagreatrangeofvocabulary,anditisclaimedtobeoneofthebestwaysoflearningEnglish.Besides,compounding,conversion,blending,clipping,acronyms,back-formationarealsoefficientwaysoflearningEnglish.Inthepaperthewaysandcharacteristicsofwordformationisanalyzedformtheseaspects:

affixation,compounding,conversion,blending.

Keywords:

English;

lexicology;

wordformation;

affixation

摘要：

词汇是我们在英语学习过程中最大的障碍。

然而，英语构词法能够帮助我们很好地辨别并正确理解英语，同时也可以在短时间内增加我们的词汇量，英语构词法是学习英语的有效途径和强有力的“武器”。

在所有的英语构词法中，词缀法能够生成的新单词是最多的也是最广泛的，它被认为是英语学习的最佳途径之一。

除了词缀法以外，复合法、转类法、混成法、截短法、首字母拼音法、逆向构词法也都是英语学习的有效途径

关键词：

英语；

词汇学；

构词法；

词缀法

Introduction

TheexpansionofvocabularyinmodernEnglishdependschieflyonwordformation.Thereisavarietyofmeansbeingatworknow.Themostproductiveareaffixation,compoundingandconversion.Talkingaboutwordformationpatternsmeansdealingwithrules.Butnotallwordswhichareproducedbyapplyingtheruleareacceptable.Theacceptabilityisgainedonlywhenthewordhavegainedaninstitutionalcurrencyinthelanguage.Thereforerulesonlyprovideaconstantsetofmodelsfromwhichnewwordarecreatedfromdaytoday.Rulesthemselvesarenotfixedbutundergochangestoacertainextent.Forinstance,affixesandcompoundingprocessesmaybecomeproductiveatonetimeorlosetheirproductivity.Bywordformationprocesses,weconcentrateonproductiveoronproductiverules.Whileapplyingtherules,weshouldkeepinmindthattherearealwaysexceptions.Inmyopinion,themostimportantprincipleforalltheserulesofwordformationiseconomy.

Chapter1thefunctionofEnglishwordformation

1.1WordformationisaneffectivewaytoenlargeourEnglishvocabulary.

Nowadays,moreandmorepeoplehavetakennoticeoflearningEnglish.ThenumberofthepeoplewhobegintolearnEnglishhasincreasedatahighspeed.HowcanweimproveourEnglisheffectivelyisundoubtedlythefocusofourattention.Generallyspeaking,vocabularyandgrammaticalrulesarekeystolearningEnglishwell.Amongthetwoaspects,vocabularyapparentlyplaysamoreimportantrole.

Vocabularyisthefoundationoflanguage.Ifalanguagelearnerdoesn’thaveenoughvocabularytoexpresshisorheropinionsandunderstandotherpeople,evenifhisorhergrammaticalrulesandpronunciationsareexcellent,buthecannotcommunicatewithotherswell,heshouldn’tbeagoodlanguagelearner.

Undertheinfluenceoftraditionalteachingmode,teachersoftenemphasismoreongrammaticalrulesandpronunciationsthanvocabulary.Asaresult,studentsspendalotoftimeonrememberingnewwords,buttheresultsarenotsoefficient.HoweverifwehaveaknowledgeofEnglishwordformation,theresultswillbenotthatbad.WordformationisreallyaneffectivewaytoenlargeourEnglishvocabulary.

1.2Wordformationcanhelpushaveabettercomprehensionofanarticle.

Whenwearereadinganewarticle,weoftenencounterwithsomenewwordsthatwehaveneverseenbefore.Inthiscase,mostofuswillleaveoutthenewwordandgoonwiththefollowingsections.However,thisisnotagoodhabit.IfwewanttoimproveourEnglish,wehavetotakeeverynewwordseriouslyeitherlookthemupinthedictionaryorsearchfortheinternet.Butdon’tyouthinkthatthesemethodsareinefficient?

IfweknowsomethingaboutEnglishwordformation,maybethearticlewouldnotbesodifficultforustounderstand.Inthisway,wecanguessthemeaningofthenewwordaccordingtowhatwehavelearnedaboutEnglishwordformation.Ithasbeenprovedthatourguessiscorrectinmostcases.Sowesaywordformationcanhelpushaveabettercomprehensionofanewarticle.

1.3Manynewwordscanbederivedbasedontherulesofwordformation

Recentyears,theuseofcomputersasamediumofcommunicationhasgivenbirthtoanewlanguagephenomenon-cyberlanguage.Alargeamountofcyberlanguagehassprungup.Notallthenewvocabularycanberecognizedbyhumansociety.Somenewwordsonlyemergedinaveryshorttimeandthendisappeared,however,therearestillalotofwordsaresharedbymanypeople.Finally,thesewordsarerecognizedbythewholehumansociety.Someareevenaddedtothereverseddictionary.Canwesaythatthesewordsareunreasonableandirrational?

Theanswerisabsolutely“No”.

Mostofthenewwordsthathavebeenrecognizedarederivedbasedoncertainrulesofwordformation.Forexample,thesentence“3QU”iswidelyusedinthechattingroomontheinternetbyforeigners.ThisisalsoknownasoneimportantcharacteristicsofEnglishword-productivity.SoitisnecessaryforustolearnEnglishwordformation.

Chapter2Affixation

Affixationisgenerallydefinedastheformationofwordsbyaddingword-formingorderivationalaffixestobases.Thisprocessisalsoknownasderivation,bywhichnewwordsderivedfromoldorbaseforms.Thewordsthatarecreatedinthiswayarecalledderivatives.Accordingtothepositionaffixesoccupyinwords,affixationfallsintothreesubcategories:

pre-fixation,in-fixationandsuffixation.

Pre-fixationistheformationofnewwordsbyaddingprefixestobases,whichdonotgenerallychangetheword-classofthebase.Thatistosay,prefixesdonotchangethepartofspeechofaword.Theirchieffunctionistomodifyitsmeaning,althoughthereareexceptions.Inmyopinion,prefixescanbedividedinto:

negativeprefixes,pejorativeprefixes,prefixesofdegreeorsize,prefixesoftimeandorder,andsoon.

Suffixationistheformationofnewwordsbyaddingsuffixestobases.Theirprimaryfunctionistochangethegrammaticalfunctionofthebase,suchasthechangeofthewordclasswithaslightmodificationofmeaning,thoughthereareafewexceptions.Suffixescanbedividedintonounsuffixes,adjectivesuffixes,adverbsuffixes,andverbsuffixes.Icangiveyouanexample.Theword“countless”,“-less”changethepartofformandshowthenegativemeaningofthestem.

Infixesarenotsocommonandtheyusuallyshowakindattitudeofthespeakerandwillnotchangethepartofformandmeaningofwords.

Chapter3Compounding

Compoundingistheformationofnewwordsbyjoiningtwoormorebases.Wordsformedinthiswayarecalledcompounds.Soacompoundisa‘lexicalunitconsistingofmorethanonebaseandfunctioningbothgrammaticallyandsemanticallyasasingleword’（Quirk）.Compoundscanbewrittensolid,hyphenatedandopen.Compoundshaveremarkablecharacteristicswhicharedifferentfromnounphrases.Itcomesdowntothreemajorones:

1）Phonologicalfeatures.Incompoundsthewordstressusuallyoccursonthefirstconstituentwhereasinnounphrasesthesecondelementisgenerallyaccentedifthereisonlyonestress.Incaseswheretherearetwostresses,thecompoundhastheprimarystressonthefirstelementandthesecondstress,ifany,onthesecond,whereastheoppositeistrueoffreephrase.

2）Semanticfeatures.Compoundsdifferfromfreephrasessemantically.Everycompoundshouldexpressasingleideajustasoneword.Themeaningofafreephrasecannotbeinferredfromthetwocomponentsofitself.Nevertheless,alotofcompoundaretransparent,thatistosay,themeaningcanbeobtainedfromtheseparateelementsofcompounds.Butthetwoelementsareinseparableandthechangeoftheelementwouldresultinthelossoftheoriginalidentity.

3）Grammaticalfeatures.Twoelementsofacompoundeachplaysaseparategrammaticalrole,whichcanbeseeninthewaytheexpressionsarehandledmorphological.Forexample,compoundnounsoftenshowtheirpluralformsbytakinginflectional–sattheend.Thoughthereareexceptions,their‘one-wordness’identityisapparent.

Chapter4Conversion

InEnglishlearning,studentswilloftenconfusedwithwordswhichhavetwoormorepartofform.Manyofsuchconditionsarecausedbyconversion.Conversionistheformationofmewwordsbyconvertingwordsofonepartofspeechtothoseofanotherpartofspeech,withoutchangesinmorphologicalstructuresbutinfunction.Wordscreatedinthiswayarenewonlyinagrammaticalsense.Wordsproducedbyconversionareprimarilynouns,adjectivesandverbs.Themostproductive,however,istheconversionthattakesplacebetweennounsandverbs.Itdeservesnothingthatconversionisnotonlyachangeofgrammaticalfunctionoftheiteminvolvedbutwithitthedifferentrangeofmeaningisoriginallycarried.

Chapter5Blending

Blendingisaveryproductiveprocessandmanycoinagesareresultingfromblendinghavebecomewellestablished.Moreover,theycanseverasmodelsfornewformation.ItisnottheCombinationoftwowordsdirectly,buttocombinepartsoftwowordsorawordplusapartofanotherword.Thiskindofwordformationiscalledblending.Thisprocessesincluding:

Thefirstpartofthefirstword+thelastpartthesecondword.

Thewholepartofthefirstpart+thelastpartthesecondword.

Thefirstpartofthefirstword+thefirstpartthesecondword.

Thewholepartofthesecondword+thefirstpartofthefirstword.

Theoverwhelmingmajorityofblendsarenouns;

veryfewareverbsandadjectivesareevenfewer.Blendsaremostlyusedinwritingrelatedtoscienceandtechnology,andnewspapersandmagazines.ThoughmanyofthemhavealreadyachievedcurrencyinEnglish,theyarestill