语言学名词解释.doc

语言学名词解释.doc

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1.Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.

2.Designfeaturesrefertothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.

3.Arbitrarinessrefersthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenalinguisticsymbolandwhatthesymbolstandsfor（meaningandsounds）.

4.Dualitymeansthepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructures,suchthatunitsoftheprimarylevelarecomposedofelementsofthesecondarylevelandeachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciplesoforganization.

5.Creativity（productivity）meanslanguageisresourcefulbecauseofitsdualityandrecursiveness.

6.Displacementmeanslanguagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.

7.Culturaltransmission:

languageisnotbiologicallytransmittedfromgenerationtogeneration.Thedetailsofthelinguisticsystemmustbelearnedbyeachspeaker.

8.Interchangeability:

meansthatanyhumanbeingcanbebothaproducerandareceiverofmessages.

9.Linguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage

10.Descriptivemeansthelinguisticstudyaimstodescribeandanalyzethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse.

Prescriptivemeansthelinguisticstudyaimstolaydownrulesforcorrectandstandardbehaviorinusinglanguagetotellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayandnotsay.

11.Synchronic共时inwhichlanguagesaretreatedasself-containedsystemsofcommunicationatanyparticulartime在那一刻、时、块的情况（当代、古代）

Diachronic历时inwhichthechangestowhichlanguagesaresubjectinthecourseoftimeandtreatedhistorically.（在过程中都有什么变化、区别、有大时间变化）2个共时即为历时

12.Langueandparole找笔记重点。

Competenceandperformance找笔记重点。

13.Phoneticsstudieshowspeechsoundsareproduced,transmitted,andperceived;itisconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworld’slanguages.

14.Consonants：

aresoundsproducedbyobstructingtheflowofairintheoralcavity。

Vowels：

areproducedwhentheairstreammeetswithnoobstruction。

15.diacritics：

areadditionalsymbolsormarksusedtogetherwiththeconsonantandvowelsymbolstoindicatenuancesofchangeintheirpronunciation.

16.Phonologyisthestudyofthesoundpatternsandsoundsystemsoflanguages.Itaimstodiscovertheprinciplesthatgovernsthewaysoundsareorganizedinlanguages,andtoexplainthevariationsthatoccur.

17.Articulatoryphonetics发音语音学studiesoftheproductionofspeechsounds.

Acousticphonetics声学语音学studiesofthephysicalpropertiesofspeechsounds

Perceptualphonetics感知听觉isconcernedwiththeperceptionofspeechsounds

18.Coarticulation协同发音meanswhenaspeechsoundchangesandbecomesmorelikeanothersoundwhichfollowsitonprecedesit

Anticipatorycoarticulation:

asoundbecomesmorelikethefollowingsound.Eg:

lamb

Perseverativecoarticulation:

thesoundshowstheinfluenceoftheprecedingsound.Eg:

map

19.Broadtranscription:

thetranscriptionwithletters,symbolsonly.

Narrowtranscription:

thetranscriptionwithletters,symbolstogetherwiththediacritics.

20.Phoneisaphoneticunitorsegment.Thespeechsoundswehearandproduceduringlinguisticcommunicationareallphones.Butaphonedoesnotdistinguishmeaning.

21.Phonemeisaphonologicalunitwhichisthesmallestunitofsoundinalanguagewhichcandistinguishtwowords.

22.Allophonemeansthedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentarecalledtheallophonesofthatphoneme.Thechoiceofanallophoneisnotrandom,itisrule-governedindifferentcontexts

23.Minimalpair:

Aminimalpaircontainstwowordsinalanguagewhichdifferfromeachotherbyonlyonedistinctivesoundandwhichalsodifferinmeaning.

24.Allophonesofaphonemealwaysoccurindifferentphoneticenvironment,sotheyaresaidtobeincomplementarydistribution.

25.Ifthephoneticallysimilarsoundsare2distinctivephonemes,theyaresaidtoformaphonemiccontrast.

26.Freevariation:

Whentwoormorelinguisticitemsoccurinthesamepositionwithoutanyapparentchangeofmeaningtheyareinfreevariation.

27.Assimilation同化现象isaprocessbywhichonesoundtakesonsomeorallthecharacteristicsofaneighboringsound。

Regressiveassimilation:

afollowingsoundinfluencingaprecedingsound

Progressiveassimilation:

aprecedingsoundinfluencesafollowingsound.

音位变化规则：

threeaspects：

asetofsoundstoundergotheprocess;asetofsoundsproducedbytheprocess;asetofsituationsinwhichtheprocessapplies.

28.Wordisaminimumfreeformofalanguagethathasagivensoundandmeaningandsyntacticfunction.

29.Morpheme语素isthesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguageintermsoftherelationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent,aunitthatcannotbedividedintofurthersmallerunitswithoutdestroyingordrasticallyalteringthemeaning,whetheritislexical词汇的orgrammatical.

30．Morphology形态学studiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.

31.Endocentriccompound:

isoneinwhichoneconstituentisthecenterandtheotheristhemodifier.

Exocentriccompound:

isoneinwhichthereisonfocalelementandthewholereferstosthelseratherthanwhateitheroftheconstituentsdenotes

32.Allomorph:

anyofthedifferentshapesorphoneticformsofamorpheme

33.suppletion:

atypeofirregularityinwhichthereisacompletechangeintheshapeofawordinitsvariousforms

34.Syntaxisthestudyoftherulesgoverningthewaysdifferentconstituentsarecombinedtoformsentencesinalanguage,orthestudyoftheinterrelationshipsbetweenelementsinsentencestructures.

35.Grammaticalconstructioncanbeusedtomeananysyntacticconstructwhichisassignedoneormoreconventionalfunctionsinalanguage,togetherwithwhateverislinguisticallyconventionalizedaboutitscontributiontothemeaningorusetheconstructcontains.

36.Immediateconstituentsareconstituentsimmediately,ordirectly,belowthelevelofaconstruction,evenawordwhichcanbefurtheranalyzedintomorphemes（Bloomfield）

37.ICanalysis:

theanalysisoftheasentenceintermsofitsimmediateconstituent-wordgroupswhichareinturnanalyzedintotheimmediateconstituentoftheirown,andtheprocessgoesonuntiltheultimateconstituentarereached.

38.TheimportanceofICanalysis:

isthatitstressedthefunctionoftheintermediatelevel-thewordgroup-intheanalysisofasentence,seeingahierarchicalstructureofthesentence.

39.TheadvantagesofICanalysis：

theinternalstructureofasentenceisdemonstratedandambiguitycanberevealed.

40.Endocentric向心性constructionisonewhosedistributionisfunctionally功能相同equivalenttothatofoneormoreofitsconstituents,awordoragroupofwords,whichservesasadefinablecenterorhead一个词或一组词是整个结构的核心或中心

41.Exocentric离心性referstoagroupofsyntacticallyrelatedwordswherenoneofthewordsisfunctionallyequivalenttothegroupasawhole,thatis,thereisnodefinablecentreorheadinsidethegroup.

42.Recursion:

therepeateduseofthesameruletocreateinfinitesentences.

43.Deepstructure:

theabstractrepresentationofthesyntacticpropertiesofaconstruction.

Surfacestructure:

thefinalstageinthesyntacticderivationofaconstruction,whichcloselycorrespondtothestructuralorganizationofaconstructionpeopleactuallyproduceandreceive.

44.Textlinguistics:

abranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesspokenorwrittentexts.

45.Anaphora:

theuseofawordorphrasewhichrefersbacktoanotherwordorphrasewhichwasusedearlierinatextorconversation.

46.Semanticsisthestudyoflinguisticmeaning,themeaningofwords,phrases,andsentences.

47.Reference指代meansthetheoryofmeaningwhichrelatesthemeaningofawordtothethingitrefersto,orstandsfor.

48.Semantictriangle（OgdenandRichards）meanstherelationbetweenawordandathingitreferstoisnotdirect.（concept）

49.Contextualism:

onecanderivemeaningfromobservablecontextswhichincludesituationalcontextandthelinguisticcontext.

50.Behaviorism:

meaningisthesituationinwhichthespeakeruttersitandtheresponseitcallsfortheinthehearer.

51.Componentialanalysis成分分析法istheapproachthatanalyzewordmeaningbydecomposingisintoitsatomic原子的features.Itshowsthesemanticfeatures语义特征ofaword.

52.Entailment蕴涵XJohnkilledBill

YBilldied

IfXentailsY,themeaningofXisincludedinY.（ifxistrue,yistrue;yisfalse,xisfalse）

41.Presupposition预设XJohn’sbikeneedsrepairing

YJohnhasabike

Yisaprerequisiteofx.（ifxistrue,yistrue;ifxisfalse,yistrue）

53.Pragmatics语用学isthestudyofthoserelationsbetweenlanguageandcontextthataregrammaticalizedorencodedinthestructureofalanguage.

54.Speechacttheory言语行为理论由Austin提出

55.Locutionaryact发话行为（以言指事字面意思）whenwespeakwemoveourvocalorgansandproduceanumberofsounds,organizedinacertainwayandwithacertainmeaning.Theactperformedinthesenseiscalled~

56.Illocutionaryact行事行为（以言行事言外之意）whenwespeak,wenotonlyproducesomeunitsoflanguagewithcertainmeaning（locution）,butalsomakeourpurposeinproducingthem,thewayweintendthemtobeunderstood,thisisthe~,whichindicatesthespeaker’sintention.Theutteranceshavesomeillocutionaryforces行事语力

57.Perlocutionaryact取效行为（以言成事）Itreferstotheconsequentialeffectsofalocution语句uponthehearer.

58.Cooperativeprinciplemeansthatmakeyourcontributionsuchasisrequired,atthestageatwhichitoccurs,bytheacceptedpurposeordirectionofthetalkexchangeinwhichyouareengaged.四个准侧：

maxim

Ofquantity数量准则；maximofquality质量准则（修辞）；relation；manner