英语写作4主要知识点Word文件下载.docx

英语写作4主要知识点Word文件下载.docx

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----alistofthoseitemsonthefirsttwoliststhatareappropriateforyou.

（2）breakingdownlargesubjects

Atopicisaspecificareawithinasubject,representingonethesisorcentralidea.Subjectsaretoobroadtobecoveredatlengthinapaper,soitshouldbebrokendown.

3Howtoaskquestions?

（1）questionsconcerningyourfamiliaritywiththetopic/subject

（2）questionsconcerningyouracademicbackgroundortraining

（3）questionsconcerningtheavailabilityoflibrarysources

（4）questionsconcerninggeneralevaluationofagiventextorbook

（5）questionsconcerningdetailedstudyofagiventextorbook

（6）questionsconcerningformulatingyourproposition/mainargument

（7）questionsconcerningoutliningyourthesis

4Formatofresearchpaper

（1）title

（2）abstract摘要

（3）introductionincludingReviewofLiterature引言

（4）Methods研究方法

（5）Results

（6）Discussion讨论

（7）ConclusionorRecommendations结论

（8）ReferencesorWorks参考文献

（9）Appendices

6CriteriainTopicSelection

（1）interestAresearchproject,suchasyourthesis,maylastforweeksorevenmonths.Tosurvivethislongundertaking,you'

dbetterfindsomethingthatcansustainyouinterest.

（2）relevanceThetopicmusthavesomethingtodowithyourmajor.

（3）significanceThethesisisthefinalformalassignmentforyouruniversityeducationandshoulddemonstrateyourachievementtothehighestdegree.

（4）PracticalityYouhavetomakesurethatyouhaveenoughknowledge,resources,andenergytoresearchthetopicproperlyandpresentyourfindingsinadecentpaper.

8CommonFieldResearchMethods

（1）observation

planning:

why/what/howtoobserve

howtoequipyourself

observing:

anecdotalrecords

Checklist

Ratingscale按照程度设计问题

reporting报告

（2）Questionnaire

preparingthequestionnaire:

why/whomtoaskthequestions

Whattoincludeinthequestions

givingthequestionnaireouttothetargetpopulation

analysingandreportingtheresponses

designingeffectivequestionnaires

aStructureofquestionnaire:

1st.thepurposeofthisresearch

2nd.collectdataabouttherespondents

3rd.questions

4th.'

thankyou'

note

btypesofquestions

Close-endedquestion

Open-endedquestion

（3）interview

9Whytoaskquestions?

Thisisaboutthegoalofyourresearch.Youmusthavecleargoals.Forexample,students'

opinionsaboutanewtextbookortheirmethodinwritingacompositioninatestingsituationmaybepossiblegoals.

11Componentsofaproposal

Title

Introduction

Literaturereview

Preliminaryoutline提纲

Bibliography参考文献

Methods

14FormatofOutline

Romannumerals/letters罗马数字，缩进

Decimalformat进位法

Romannumerals

例:

I.Heading

A.Subheading

1.2ndsubheading

2.2ndsubheading

a.3rdsubheading

b.3rdsubheading

B.Subheading

1.2ndsubheading

2.2ndsubheading

Decimalformat进位法

例：

1.0heading

1.1subheading

1.1.12ndsubheading

1.1.22ndsubheading

1.1.2.13rdsubheading

1.1.2.23rdsubheading

1.2subheading

1.2.12ndsubheading

1.2.22ndsubheading

1.2.2.13rdsubheading

1.2.2.23rdsubheading

15TypesofOutline

Topicoutline词活词组形式

Sentenceoutline句子（不能混搭）

16Constructionofanoutline

（1）generalsteps

GothroughtheideasyoupresentedintheProposal.

Listalltheideasthatrelatetoyourthesisorresearchquestion

Grouprelatedideastogetheraccordingtotheirguidingconcepts

Decideontheirmaincategories

Labeleachmaincategorywithheadings

Fillinthesubcategoriesforeachmaincategory.

Arrangethecategories,majororminorinlogicalorder,i.e.,fromgeneraltospecificorfromabstracttoconcrete.

（2）Principlesforwritinganoutline:

Parallelism:

平行，前后一致的结构

Beconsistentwiththeoutlineformatyouchoose

Beconsistentingrammaticalformwithincategories.

Coordination:

协调，要有逻辑性itisaboutarrangingideasaccordingtothervalueorimportance.

Subordination:

从属关系Itclarifiesthesignificanceandrelationshipofdifferentlevels.

Division:

划分标准Onlyonebasisofdivisionisusedineachrankandeachcategorymustconsistofaminimumoftwoentries.

19HowtowriteanAbstract.摘要，高度概括

Researchtopic/area

Researchpurpose

Backgroundinformation

Backgroundinformation

Researchmethods

Researchresults/findings

Conclusions/implications/recommendationsforfurtherresearch

20Howtowriteintroduction

Introducingthetopic

Reviewpreviousresearch

Focusingontheissueinquestion

Outliningpurpose/announcingpresentresearch

Indicatingresearchpaperstructure

21HowtowritetheMethodsection

Itdescribeshowresearchiscarriedout.ItconcernsWAHT（tool/instrument）,WHO（subject）,andHOW（datacollection,procedures）

22HowtowritetheResultssection

TheResultssectionperformstwofunctions:

datapresentationanddatadescription.

23HowtowritetheConclusionsection

TheConclusionsectionhasthreeelements:

restatement,summary,futureresearchdirections.

RestatementmeansthattheConclusionsectionrestatetheresearchpurpose/intention,somebackgroundinformation.

Summaryreferstoaconcisenarrationoftheresearchdesign,results,interpretationandimplications.

Futureresearchdirectionismainlyconcernedwithtwopoints:

（1）limitationsofthestudyand

（2）tentativeproposalsforfutureresearch.

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第6大题

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第2题

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第2题

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第2.3.4题

13写outline

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第3题

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第4,5题

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第1题

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第4.5.6.7题

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