国际贸易实务英文版第二版课后习题答案.docx
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国际贸易实务英文版第二版课后习题答案
Chapter2InternationalTradeTerms
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I.Multiplechoices
B
C
A
C
C
D
A
B
C
D
II.Trueorfalsestatements
T
T
F
F
T
F
F
F
F
T
III.Explainthefollowingterms
1.shipmentcontract
ShipmentcontractisacontractusinganIncotermwhichindicatesthatthedeliveryhappensatthetimeorbeforethetimeofshipment.
2.symbolicdelivery
Symbolicdeliveryisadeliverysituationinwhichwhenthesellerdeliversthebuyerdoesnotphysicallyreceivethegoods.Thiskindofdeliveryisprovedbythesubmissionoftransportdocumentbythesellertothebuyer.
3.arrivalcontract
ArrivalcontractmeansacontractusinganIncotermwhichindicatesthatthedeliveryhappenswhenthegoodsarriveatthedestination.
4.actualdelivery
Actualdeliveryreferstoadeliverysituationinwhichwhenthesellerdeliversthebuyerdoesphysicallyreceivethegoods.
IV.Shortquestions
1.WhopaysforloadingforshipmentunderFOB?
Theseller.
2.WhopaysforunloadingunderCIF?
Thebuyer.
3.CompareandcontrastFOB,CFRandCIF?
Similarities:
a.Theseller'sriskwillbetransferredtothebuyerwhenthegoodsareloadedonboard,b.Thesellerisresponsibleforexportcustomsformalitieswhilethebuyerisresponsibleforimportcustomsformalities,c.Thebuyerisresponsibleforunloadingthegoodsattheportofdestination,d.Allthreetermscanonlybeusedforwaterwaytransportation.
Differences:
a.FOBrequiresthebuyertoarrangeandpayfortheoceantransportation;CFRrequiresthesellertoarrangeandpayfortheoceantransportation;CIFrequiresthesellertoarrangeandpayfortheoceantransportationandinsuranceagainstthebuyer'srisk.
4.Whatarethetwotypesoftradetermsconcerningthetransferofrisks?
Shipmentcontracttermsvs.arrivalcontractterms.Undershipmentcontracttermstheseller'sriskwillbetransferredtothebuyerbeforethegoodsdepartfromtheplace/portofshipment.Underarrivalcontracttermsthesellerwillbeartheriskofthegoodsuntilthegoodsarriveatthedestination.
5.WhatarethedifferencesandsimilaritiesbetweenCPTandCFR?
Majorsimilarities:
a.Thesellershouldcontractandpayforthemajorcarriage.b.Thesellerisnottakingtheriskoflossofordamagetothegoodsduringthetransportation.
Difference:
a.CPTisapplicabletoanykindoftransportationmodewhileCFRisonlyusedforwaterwaytransport,b.UnderCPTtheseller'sriskwillbetransferredtothebuyerwhenthegoodsarehandedovertothefirstcarriernominatedbytheseller.UnderCFRtheseller'sriskwillbetransferredwhenthegoodsareloadedonboardthevessel.
6.WhatarethedifferencesandsimilaritiesbetweenCIPandCIF?
Majorsimilarities:
a.Thesellershouldcontractandpayforthemajorcarriage.b.Thesellerisnottakingtheriskoflossofordamagetothegoodsduringthetransportation,c.Thesellermustobtaininsuranceagainstthebuyer'srisk.
Difference:
a.CPTisapplicabletoanykindoftransportationmodewhileCFRisonlyusedforseawayorinlandwaterwaytransport,b.UnderCPTtheseller'sriskwillbetransferredtothebuyerwhenthegoodsarehandedovertothefirstcarriernominatedbytheseller.UnderCFRtheseller'sriskwillbetransferredwhenthegoodsareloadedonboardthevessel.
7.IfyoutradewithanAmerican,isthesalescontractsubjecttoIncotermswithoutanydoubt?
Whatshouldyoudo?
No.TheRevisedAmericanForeignTradeDefinitions1941isstillinuse,especiallyintheNorthAmericanarea.Ithasdifferentinterpretationaboutsometradeterms.Thetradersshouldclarifythechoiceofrulesbeforeanyfurtherdiscussion.
8.Whatarethemostcommonlyusedtradeterms?
FOB,CFR&CIF.
9.WhoisresponsibleforcarryingoutcustomsformalitiesforexportsunderanFOBcontract?
Theseller.AccordingtoIncoterms2010,exceptEXWandDDPthesetwoterms,alltheothereleventermsrequirethesellertohandletheexportcustomsformalities,whilethebuyertheimportcustomsformalities.
10.IfaChinesetradersignsanFOBHamburgcontract,isheexportingorimporting?
Importing.FOBshouldbeusedwitha"namedportofshipment",ifHamburgistheportofshipment,fromtheChinesetrader'sperspective,heisimporting.
V.Casestudies
1.AnFOBcontractstipulated"TheshipmentwillbeeffectedinMarch2011."Whenthegoodswerereadyon10March201l,thesellercontactedthebuyerforshipmentdetails.Thebuyerfaxed"Pleasesendthegoodstotheportforloadingon21March.Thevesselwilldeparton22March."Thesellersentthegoodstotheportaccordingly.Howeverthenominatedvesseldidnotturnupandthegoodshadtobestoredinthewarehouseattheport.Onthenightof21Marchafirehappenedinthewarehouseareaandpartofthegoodswasdamaged.Whenthevesselarrivedtwodayslaterthesellerandthebuyerhadanargumentaboutthesettlementoftheloss.Thesellerrequiredthebuyertobearthelosscausedbythefire,butthebuyerbelievedthatthevesselarrivedwithintheshipmentperiodandthelossoccurredbeforethesellerdeliveredthegoodsthereforethesellershouldbeartheloss.Pleaseprovideyoursolution.
析：
1）首先案例中提到货物发生了损失是由于货物存放在码头仓库期间发生火灾造成的。
2）卖方之所以会把货物存放在码头仓库是因为买方指定的船只在约定时间没有出现。
3）Incoterms2010有规定，买方有向卖方提供准确、及时的装船通知的义务，如果买方没有履行该义务而导致了货物受损，即使双方没有完成交货，买方也要承担相关损失。
答案：
买方应该承担损失。
答题切入点：
1）分析货物受损原因。
2）根据《2010年国际贸易术语解释通则》买方在提供装运通知方面的义务。
3）解释提供装运通知与完成交货风险转移之间的关系。
2.AcontracttosellgrainusedaCFRterm.ThegrainwasofficiallycertifiedasGradeOneatthetimeofbeingdeliveredonboardattheportofshipment.Aftermakingtheshipment,thesellergavethebuyertimelynotice.However,duetothelongvoyage,somegrainwentbad.Atthedestination,thegraincouldonlybesoldas"Grade3".Consequently,thebuyerclaimedcompensationforthedamage.Shouldthesellerpay?
析：
1）货物在装运港已经“officiallycertifiedasGradeOne'’，这就说明货物的质量是合格的，而且是经官方确认的。
2）文中提到“duetolongvoyage"这说明货物变质的原因是由于运输时间长。
答案：
No。
答题切入点：
a．货物变质的原因．b．CFR术语下风险转移的情况。
3.UnderaCIFcontract,thegoodshadbeenloadedonboardthevesselaccordingtothetermsofthecontract.Thenthevesseldeparted.Anhourlater,thevesselstruckarockandsank.Thenextdaytheseller'sbankpresentedtheshippingdocuments,insurancepolicyandinvoicestothebuyer,anddemandedpayment.
（1）Knowingthathewillnotreceivethegoods,shouldthebuyerpay?
（2）Whichpartywouldhavetotaketheloss?
析：
本题的关键疑问在于买方明知货物已全部损失，不可能再收到货物，是否还应支付货款。
这是考察对“symbolicdelivery”这个概念的理解。
在CIF术语下，卖方交货时买方并没有真正收到货物，卖方的交货是通过货交承运人并获得相关单据（尤其是物权凭证）来实现的。
而相应的，买方必须接受交货，也就是买方必须接受卖方提供的相应单据并履行相关支付的义务。
（1）答案：
Yes．
答题切入点：
1）卖方履行其义务的情况；2）CIF术语对双方交货、领受货物的规定；3）解释“symbolicdelivery”在这里的应用。
（2）答案：
Thebuyer．
答题切入点：
CIF术语下风险转移的情况。
由于本章主要讨论贸易术语的应用，关注的主要是买、卖双方。
如果答案是保险公司，则要求说明损失的风险首先是由买方承担的，在风险属于保险公司承保范围内的情况下，保险公司会对买方进行部分或全部的赔偿。
4.AShanghaicompanysignedaCIFcontracttosellChristmasgoodstoaBritishcompany.TheUSD1millioncontractstipulated,"ThesellerguaranteesthatthegoodsarriveattheportofdestinationbyDecember1,2010.Ifthecarriageislate,thebuyercancancelthepurchase,andgettherefundforthepayment."Sotheshipmentwasmade.Unfortunately,duetomechanicalproblems,thevesselarrivedatthedestinationafewhourslate.Thebuyerrefusedtoacceptthegoods.Asaresult,thegoodshadtobesoldonthespot,andthesellerlostUSD700000.Commentonthiscase.
析：
卖方受损的原因是货物达到目的港的时间晚于合同规定的时间，因此买方拒收货物。
从表面上看，似乎问题就是出在卖方违约上，但如果仔细分析就会发现，该合同本身的内容就存在自相矛盾的问题。
合同用的是CIF术语，卖方在货装上船时风险就转移。
卖方既不承担运输途中的风险，也不保证货物是否能抵达目的港。
CIF合同本质上是一个“shipmentcontract”。
但加上一条保证到岸时间的条款后，合同的性质发生了变化：
它变成了一个“arrivalcontract”。
也就是说，在货物按时抵达目的港之前的一切风险都由卖方承担，否则卖方就是违约。
答题切入点：
1）CIF术语对双方风险及义务的划分，点出“shipmentcontract”这一概念；2）解释“arrivaldate”clause对合同性质的改变。
5.AChinesecompanyfinalizedatransactionwithaGermancompanyunderCIFpriceandL/Cpayment.BothsalescontractandL/Creceivedstipulatedthattransshipmentwasnotallowed.TheChinesecompanymadetheshipmentonadirectvesselwithinthevalidityperiodoftheL/CandnegotiatedthepaymentwithadirectBillofLadingsuccessfully.AfterdepartingfromtheChineseport,inordertotakeanothershipment,theshippingcompanyunloadedthegoodsfromtheoriginalvesselandreloadedthemontoanother.Duetothedelayandthepoorconditionofthesecondvessel,thegoodsarrived2monthslaterthantheexpectedtime.TheGermancompanysufferedandclaimedcompensationfromtheChinesecompanywiththereasonthattheChinesesidecheatedthemwithadirectB/L.TheChinesecompanybelievedthatsincetheysignedthecontractundera"到岸价"andtheybookedtheshippingcompany,theywouldberesponsibleforwhathappened.AsaresulttheChinesesidecompensated.Commentonthiscase.
析：
1）卖方按照合同规定履行了各项义务，造成货物到港延误的原因是船公司擅自改变运输安排，卖方对此并不知情。
2）卖方把CIF理解成“到岸价格”存在错误，混淆了承担风险与承担费用的区别。
如果把CIF理解成“到岸价格”，那么CIF就变成了一个到岸合同术语（arrivalcontractterm）了，而实际上它应该是个装运合同术语（shipmentcontractterm）。
3）因此，卖方在此情况下不应进行赔偿，而是应该协助买方向船方进行索赔。
答题切入点：
1）分析买方受损的真正原因及责任方：
2）解释卖方错误赔偿的原因；3）给出本案例正确的处理方法，尤其是卖方应该如何应对买方的要求。
Chapter3ExportPrice
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I.Multiplechoices
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II.Trueorfalsestatements
F
T
F
F
F
T
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III.Explainthefollowingterms
1.inquiry
Aninquiryistheactofapotentialclientaskingforinformationfromthecounterparttohisintentioninbuyingorsellingacertaincommodity.
2.offer
Anofferisasufficientlydefiniteproposaladdressedtooneormorespecificpersonsforconcludingacontract,necessarilyindicatingtheintentionoftheofferortobeboundincaseofacceptance.
3.counteroffer
Acounterofferisareplytoanofferwhichcontainsadditions,
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