云计算中英版.docx

云计算中英版.docx

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云计算中英版

姓名：

孙维

班级：

计科1102班

学号：

2011013740

TheCumulusProject:

BuildaScientificCloudforaDataCenter

LizheWang,JieTao,MarcelKunze,DharminderRattu

SteinbuchCentreforComputing（SCC）,ResearchCenterKarlsruhe（FZK）

Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz1,76344Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen,GermanyAlvaroCanalesCastellanos

DepartmentofComputerScience,UniversityKarlsruhe（TH）

76128Karlsruhe,Germany

Abstract

Cloudcomputingemergesasanewcomputingparadigmwhichaimstoprovidereliable,customizedandQoSguar-anteeddynamiccomputingenvironmentsforend-users.ThispaperreviewsourearlyexperienceofCloudcomputingbasedontheCumulusprojectfordatacenters.Inthispaper,weintroducetheCumulusprojectwithitsvariousaspects,suchastestbed,infrastructure,middlewareandapplicationmodels.

1Introduction

CloudcomputingcurrentlyemergesasahottopicduetoitsabilitiestoofferflexibledynamicITinfrastructures,QoSguaranteedcomputingenvironmentsandconfigurablesoftwareservices.AsreportedinGoogletrends（Figure1）,Cloudcomputing（blueline）,whichisenabledbyVirtualization

technology（yellowline）,hasalreadyoutpacedGridcomputingbyfar[8]（redline）.

Numerousprojectsinindustryandacademiahavealreadystarted,forexample,theRESERVOIRproject[31]-anIBMandEuropeanUnionjointresearchinitiativeforCloudcomputing,AmazonElasticComputeCloud[21],IBM’sBlueCloud[17],scientificCloudprojectssuchasNimbus[26]andStratus[34],andOpenNEbula[29].HP,IntelCorporationandYahoo!

Inc.recentlyannounced.

thecreationofaglobal,multi-datacenter,opensourceCloudcomputingtestbedforindustry,

researchandeducation[12,23].

InthispaperwepresenttheCumulusCloudcomputingproject.TheCumulusprojectisintendedtobuiltascientificcloudfordatacentersbymergingexistingGridinfrastructureswithnewCloudtechnologies.Thispaperdiscussestheinfrastructure,middlewareandapplicationmodelsfortheCumulusprojectandisorganizedasfollows.Section2discussesthedefinitionofCloudcomputingintermsofconcepts,characterizationandenablingtechnologies.InSection3theCumulusprojectispresented.Section4concludesthepaper.

2Cloudcomputing:

Definition,characterizationandenablingtechnologies

2.1Cloudcomputing,arecurrenceofthehistory?

CloudComputingisbecomingoneofthenextITindustrybuzzwords:

usersmoveouttheirdataandapplicationstoremote“Cloud”andthenaccesstheminasimpleandpervasiveway.Thisisagainacentralprocessingusecase.Similarscenariooccurredaround50yearsago:

time-sharingcomputingserverservedformultipleusers.Until20yearsagowhenpersonalcomputerscametous,dataandprogramsweremostlyagainlocatedinlocalresources.CertainlycurrentlyCloudcomputingparadigmisnotarecurrenceofthehistory.50yearsagowehadtoadoptthetime-sharingserverduetolimitedcomputingresource.NowadaysCloudcomputingcomesintofashionduetothecomplexITinfrastructure.Usershavetomanagevarioussoftwareinstallation,configurationandupdate.Computingresourceandotherhardwarearepronetobeoutdated.

ThereforeoutsourcingcomputingplatformsisanaturalsolutionforuserstohandlecomplexITinfrastructures.

Atthecurrentstage,Cloudcomputingisstillevolvingandthereexistsnowidelyaccepteddefinition.Basedonourexperience,weproposeanearlydefinitionofCloudcomputingasfollows:

AcomputingCloudisasetofnetworkenabledservices,providingscalable,QoS

guaranteed,normallypersonalized,inexpensivecomputingplatformsondemand,whichcouldbeaccessedinasimpleandpervasiveway.

2.2Functionalities

Computingcloudsrenderuserswithservicestoaccesshardware,softwareanddataresources

intransparentways:

•HaaS:

HardwareasaService

HardwareasaServicewascoinedpossiblyin2006.Astheresultofrapidadvancesinhardwarevirtualization,ITautomation,andusagemeteringandpricing,userscouldbuyIT

hardware-orevenanentiredatacenterasapay-as-you-gosubscriptionservice.TheHaaSisexible,scalableandmanageabletomeetyourneeds[2].

•SaaS:

SoftwareasaService

Softwareoranapplicationishostedasaserviceandprovidedtocustomersacrossthe

Internet.Thismodeeliminatestheneedtoinstallandruntheapplicationonthecustomer’slocalcomputer.SaaSthereforealleviatesthecustomer’sburdenofsoftwaremaintenance,andreducestheexpenseofsoftwarepurchasesbyondemandpricing.

•DaaS:

DataasaService

Datainvariousformatsandfromvarioussourcescouldbeaccessedviaservicesbyusersonthenetwork,inatransparent,logicalorsemanticway.Userscould,forexample,manipulateremotedatajustlikeoperateonalocaldiskoraccessdatainasemanticwayintheInternet.

BasedonthesupportofHaaS,SaaS,andDaaS,CloudcomputinginadditioncandeliverPlatformasaService（PaaS）forusers.Usersthuscanon-demandsubscribetotheirfavoritecomputingplatformswithrequirementsofhardwareconfiguration,softwareinstallationanddataaccessdemands.Figure2showstherelationshipbetweentheservices.

2.3Keyfeatures

Cloudcomputingdistinguishesitselffromothercomputingparadigms,likeGridcomputing[8],Globalcomputing[7],InternetComputing[14]inthefollowingaspects:

•User-centricinterfaces

Cloudservicescouldbeaccessedwithuser-centricinterfaces:

–TheCloudinterfacesdonotforceuserstochangetheirworkinghabits,e.g.,programminglanguage,compiler,oroperatingsystem.

–TheCloudclientwhichisrequiredtobeinstalledlocallyislightweight.Forexample,theNimbusCloudkitclientsizeisaround15MB.

–CloudinterfacesarelocationindependentandcanbeaccessedbysomewellestablishedinterfaceslikeWebservicesframeworkorInternetbrowser.

•On-demandserviceprovision

ComputingCloudsprovideresourcesandservicesforusersondemand.Userscancustomizetheircomputingenvironmentslateron,forexample,softwareinstallation,networkconfiguration,asusersusuallyownadministrativeprivileges.

•QoSguaranteedoffer

ThecomputingenvironmentsprovidedbycomputingCloudscanguaranteeQoSforusers,

e.g.,hardwareperformancelikeCPUspeed,I/Obandwidthandmemorysize.

•AutonomousSystem

ThecomputingCloudisanautonomoussystemandmanagedtransparentlytoCloudusers.Hardware,softwareanddatainsideCloudscanbeautomaticallyreconfigured,orchestratedandconsolidatedtoasingleplatformimage,finallyrenderedtoCloudusers.

2.4Enablingtechnologies

AlotofenablingtechnologiescontributetotheCloudcomputing,hereweidentifyseveral

state-of-the-arttechniques:

•Virtualization

Virtualizationtechnologiespartitionhardwareandthusprovidingflexibleandscalable

computingplatforms.Virtualmachinetechniques,suchasVMware[37]andXen[1],offervirtualizedIT-infrastructuresondemand.Virtualnetworkadvances,suchasVPN[6],supportuserswithacustomizednetworkenvironmenttoaccesscloudresources.

•Serviceowandworkoworchestration

ComputingCloudsofferacompletesetofservicetemplatesondemand,whichcouldbecomposedbyservicesinsidetheCloud.Cloudshouldbeabletoautomaticallyorchestrateservicesfromdifferentsourcesandofdifferenttypestoformaserviceoworworkowforusers.

•WebserviceandSOA

CloudservicesarenormallyexposedasWebservices,whichfollowtheindustrystandardslikeWSDL[36],SOAP[32]andUDDI[27].TheserviceorganizationandorchestrationinsidecloudscouldbemanagedinaServiceOrientedArchitecture（SOA）.AsetofCloudservices

furthermorecouldbeorganizedinaSOA,makethemselvesavailableonvariousdistributedplatformsandcouldthusbeaccessedacrossnetworks.

•Web2.0

TheWeb2.0describesthetrendintheuseofWorldWideWebtechnologyandWebdesigntoenhancecreativity,informationsharing,and,mostnotably,collaborationamongusers.TheseconceptshaveledtothedevelopmentandevolutionofWeb-basedcommunitiesandhostedservices[5].

TheessentialideabehindWeb2.0istoimprovetheinterconnectivityandinteractivityofWebapplications.ThenewparadigmtodevelopandaccessWebapplicationsenablesusersaccesstheWebmoreeasilyandefficiently.CloudcomputingservicesinnatureareWebapplications.ItisthusanaturaltechnicalmergingthatCloudcomputingadoptstheWeb2.0techniques.

•World-widedistributedstoragesystem

ACloudstoragemodelshouldforesee:

-Anetworkstoragesystem,whichisbackedbydistributedstorageproviders（e.g.,datacenters）,offersstoragecapacityforuserstolease.Thedatastoragecouldbemigrated,merged,andmanagedtransparentlytoendusersforwhateverdataformats.ExamplesareGoogleFileSystem[11]andAmazonS3[22].AMashupisaWebapplicationthatcombinesdatafrommorethanonesourceintoasingleintegratedstoragetool[20].SmugMug[33]isanexampleofMashup,whichisadigitalphotosharingWebsite,allowingtheuploadofanunlimitednumberofphotosforallaccounttypes,providingapublishedAPIwhichallowsprogrammerstocreatenewfunctionality,andsupportingXMLbasedRSSandAtomfeeds.

-Adistributeddatasystemwhichprovidesdatasourcesaccessedinasemanticway.Userscouldlocatedatasourcesinalargedistributedenvironmentbythelogicalnameinsteadofphysicallocations.VirtualDataSystem（VDS）[35]couldbegoodreference.

•Programmingmodel

UsersdriveintothecomputingCloudwithdataandapplications.SomeCloudprogramming

modelsshouldbeproposedforuserstoadapttotheCloudinfrastructure.TothesimplicityandeasyaccessofCloudservic