词汇学复习资料Word格式.docx
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pile桥墩→堆在一起的或逐个叠放的大量东西----2
subsist使存在,使活着→存在,生存----1
task税款→任务
---3
(2)specialization(四种)(P96)
1.fromgeneraltospecific----meat,girl年轻人
2.fromabstracttoconcrete-----gear(habit,mannersP.96)
3.fromcommonnounstopropernouns-----theMediterranean
exampleoriginalmeaningmodernmeaning
meatfoodedibleflesh
starvediediefromhunger
wifeawomanamarriedwoman
hangar棚|飞机棚,飞机库
garage安全地方|汽车间
grocer批发商|(经营茶叶、咖啡、糖、香料、水果等杂品的)零售商
artillery军火|大炮
liquor液体|(尤指蒸馏制成的)酒原义词义缩小后的意义
poison饮料|毒药
shroud衣服|寿衣
stink任何一种气味|臭气
hospital供旅游者休息娱乐的场所|医院
(3)Amelioration(.Elevationofmeaning词义的升格):
原来贬义或中性的词转换为褒义。
(P98)
Example:
Marshall--马夫--元帅executive--一般执行者--行政官员
Success--结果--成功shrewd--邪恶的--机灵的minister--仆人--首相
(4)Deterioration(Degradationofmeaning词义的降格):
有中性活褒义转为贬义。
Example:
Silly-幸福-愚蠢
Cunning-有知识的-奸诈
Villain-种田人-坏人,恶棍
(5)Semanticshift/meaningtransfer:
(词义转移):
主观(subjective)意义转为客观(objective)意义或反之
Example:
Productive-多产的-productivewriter(obj-subj)
Sweetflower-sweetface(obj-subj)
Pitiful-有同情心的-可怜的(subj-obj)
Tuneful-好唱歌的-悦耳的(subj-obj)
Theweathersmilesonus.(拟人—人转物)
Angrywaves怒涛angrysea怒海
Sensitiveplants含羞草(原用于修饰人的词用于修饰物)
(6)transferredepithet(移位修辞):
用描写甲事物的词用来修饰乙事物。
Restlessnight---是人未眠而非夜未眠
Happynewyears---人happy而非新年happy
Theploughmanhomewardplodshiswearyway.---路没有疲倦,而是人疲倦
Theassistantkeptarespectfuldistancefromhisbosswhentheywerewalkinginthecorridor(保持距离以示尊敬)
Asleeplessbed/areassuring(安慰的)arm/adizzy(眩晕的)height
⏹1.Explainwhatkindofsemanticchangethefollowingunderlinedword(s)hasexperienced.
⏹1)Hegottwostrikesagainsthiminhisapplicationforanewjob.
Extension-specifictogeneral-lastchancetoget
⏹
2)Therearemanytypesofpinchbeckinthemarketnowadays.
Extension–propertocommon–typesoffakeproducts
⏹3)Nailsarethingrowthsattheendsofthefingers.
Specialization–abstracttoconcrete-thingsthatgrow
⏹4)Insomepartsofthiscountryliquorisbanned.
Specialization-fromgeneraltospecific-wine
⏹5)Oursisafriendlyfaceawaitingyouwithhomelycomforts.
Specialization-abstracttoconcrete-facility
⏹6)Sandwichedbetweenthedoorandawindowisagiantrefrigerator.
Extension-propertocommon-placeorclamp
⏹7)Awarmpersonisfriendly,andshowsalotofaffectioninhisbehavior.
Semanticshift-fromobjectivetosubjective-kind
⏹8)Yoursonisreallyaterror.Can’tyourcontrolhim?
Specialization-fromabstracttoconcrete-apersonwhoscareorthreatensb
⏹9)Thestudentassistantisaneffecienthelp.
Specialization-abstracttoconcrete-apersonwhohelps
⏹10)ThefairytaleTheSleepingBeautyisveryinteresting.
Specialization–abstracttoconcrete-ayoungbeautifulwoman
⏹11)Thespeekerwassurprisedtofindsomanyfamilierfacesathislecture.
Metonymy-face-person
Ⅱ.修辞的手段(词的理据语义理据)—P60
(1)Metaphor:
awordorphraseusedofonethingisappliedtoanother(用一种事物暗喻另外一种事物)
Hehasaheartofstone.
Lifeisashortsummer.
Inresearchofone’sroot(ancestor)
Acloudyface/tocultivatethetalent/topolishanarticle
Hebrokeherheart
Aseaofpeople/arainofbullets/amountainofman
(2)Metonymy:
namesomethingbyoneofitsattribute(以某事物的某一特性来命名事物整体)
Face-person/pen–writer/therearealotofgoodheadsintheuniversity.
Manyhandsmakelightwork
Shehasgotfivemouthstofeed.
Plainclothes-便衣-便衣警察/pen-笔杆子-善于写文章的人
Befondongone’sglass-贪杯/爱喝酒
Thewholecity-全体市民
(3)Synecdoche(提喻):
usingapartforawhole
allhandsonthedeck(所有水手船上集合)
White-collarcriminals
Bread-food
(4)Analogy(类比:
仿造原有的同类创造出去对应词或近似词—wordsarecreatedinimitationofotherwords
Flashback---flashforward
Bluecollarworker—white/grey/gold/pink/bright/new/open/no-collarworker
Eat-instudy-in/lie-in/sit-in
Braindrain-braingain/go.headnorth–go.headsouth/sunrise.sunsetjob
Slumpflation-stagflation-boomflation/over.under–achieve
Exercises
IdentifythefiguresofspeechinthefollowingsentencesandnthentranslatethemintoChinese.
⏹1.Greecewasthecradleofwesternculture.
Metaphor,cradle—origin希腊是西方文明的摇篮。
⏹2.EverygovernmentshouldattendtocleaningitsownAugeanstables.
metaphor,Augeaustables—corruption任何政府都应致力于清除自身的腐败现象。
⏹3.Thebirdsaresingingtothesmilingyear.
personification,singingandsmilingaretheactionsofhuman.
⏹4.Wouldyoulikeacuportwo,Eve?
Metonymy,cup—acuoofcoffee.Eve,你要一杯还是两杯咖啡啊?
⏹5.Thecityhasitsphilharmonicanditspoverty.
metaphor,philharmonic—luxuriouslife.这座城市既有穷人也有富人。
⏹6.peopleoftencomparelifetoaroadthroughthemountainbecausebothhavetheirupsanddowns.
conversion,upsanddowns—successandfailure,人们常把生活比作山间下路,它总是坎坷不平的。
⏹7.Toomanyprofessionalpreparedresumesreadlikeapitchfromanold-timepedlar.
Simile,resumesasapitcholdtimepedlar,精心准备的专业化的简历,看多了也就像旧时小贩的吆喝一样,平淡无奇。
⏹8.ItookalastdrowninglookatthetitleasIgavethebookbackintoherhand.
Transferredepithet,adrowninglook—alookthattheagentwhoisdrowning,在把书还到她手上的时候,我依依不舍的看了一眼那本书的标题。
⏹9.TheWallStreetdefinitelyhasmoresayintheirpolicy-making.
Metaphor,wallstreet--monopolycapital,很明显,华尔街在政策制定上有更多的话语权。
Conversion,say—rightofmakingdecision.
⏹10.Wehavetodeclinesuchanapplicationfromamanfondofhisglass.
Metonymy,fondofhisglass—fondofdrinking,我们必须拒绝来自这种贪杯之人的申请。
1.ArgumentisWar.
⏹观点indefensible(不堪一击);
⏹攻击弱点attackone’sweakpoints;
⏹击中目标/要害berightonthetarget;
⏹摧毁(论点)demolish
⏹击败wipesb.out/shootsb.Down;
⏹Thefireofthisarticleisconcentratedonthegovernmentpolicyonforeignaffairs.
2.TimeisMoney.
⏹Spend/wasteone’stime花时间、浪费时间
⏹Savetime
⏹Cannotaffordthetime拿不出时间
⏹Investalotoftimeinsb.在某人身上投入了大量时间
⏹Budgetone’stime预算(安排)时间
⏹Losetime
⏹时间快用完了runningoutoftime
3.AngerisFire.
⏹Makesb.Burn让冒火;
⏹Beburntabout对感到恼火;
⏹One’sangerflamed某人发火了。
⏹Cooldownone’sanger平息怒火
⏹Aflameofangerlightedinone’sheart怒火中烧
⏹Firesb.Withanger激怒某人
⏹Holdfire忍住不发火
⏹Flashfire怒目喷火、怒目相对
4.BookisFood.
⏹Somebooksaretobetasted,otherstobeswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested.
⏹书有可浅尝者,有可吞食者,少数则须咀嚼消化。
⏹Thisbookistomytaste.这本书和我的口味。
⏹Thispoemhasfolkflavor.这首诗有民歌的风味。
⏹Suchabookisreallyapotboiler.这样的书简直简直就是个大杂烩。
(from“toboilthepot”粗制滥造)
5.TheoriesareContainers.
⏹Thistheoryhasnocontent.Itisanemptytheory.该理论毫无内容,是一个空洞的理论。
⏹Therearealotofholesinhistheory.他的理论有许多漏洞。
⏹Awater-tightexpositionfortheories对理论滴水不漏的解释
⏹Hispointofviewisfullofimagination.他的观点充满了幻想。
⏹Hecrammedthespeechwithsubversiveideas.他在演讲中塞进了颠覆思想。
⏹Canyoureallyextractcoherentthoughtsfromthatincrediableprose?
你真能从那篇不可思议的的散文中提取出贯穿全文的思想吗?
6.TheoriesareBuildings.
⏹Therisnofoundationforhistheory.他的理论毫无根基可言。
⏹Histheorystandsonaweakbasis.
⏹Thetheorylackssupport.缺乏支撑
⏹Theirargumentbegantobeshaky.他的论据开始动摇。
⏹Constructastrongargumentforthattheory为那个理论构建一个牢固的论据。
⏹Suchatheorywillcollapsesomeday.这样的理论总有天会垮掉!
⏹Theframeofthetheorymustberebuilt.理论框架必须重建。
⏹另外,多为深,少为浅(MoreisDeep;
LessisShallow)
⏹Deepwater水深(多);
shallowwater水浅(少)
⏹Theyhadashallowconversationlastnight.他们昨晚谈得很肤浅。
⏹Thereisonlyshallowacquaintancebetwwenthetwoyoungpeople.两位年轻人仅是泛泛之交。
⏹Theteacherhasdeepinfluenceoverthestudents.教师对学生的影响大。
Word-formation
⏹Word-formationisaprocessofcreatingnewwordsbymeansofexistingelementsandaccordingtothepatternsandrulesofagivenlanguage.
⏹Derivation
⏹Compounding
⏹Conversion
⏹Quantitativechanges(blending,clipping,etc.)
Derivation
be-adj.orn.----v.becalm,belittle,befriend
de-n.-----v.deform,debug,defrost
en-n.-----v.enslave,endanger
un-n.-----v.unleash(解开…皮带),unearth
anti-n.-----adj.anti-war,anti-carbon防积炭的
inter-n.-----adj.inter-state,inter-laboratory
post-n.-----adj.postwar,postliberation
pre-n.-----adj.prewar,preplant
1.Negativeprefixes
givenegative,reverseoroppositemeaning
a-(apolitical不关心政治的,asexual无性的)
de-(destabilize动摇,declassify消除…密级)
dis-(disenfranchise剥夺公民权,disinvest减少投资)
il-(beforel:
illegal)/im-(beforep,b,m:
imperceptible感觉不到的)/in-(inadequate)/ir-(beforer:
irresponsible)
non-(non-economic,non-profit,nonparty,noncolor,nontaste,nonevent,nonnovel非传统小说)
un-(unacceptable,undemocratic,unbook买来送人而非自己读的毫无价值的书,unperson政治上失宠的官员)
2.Non-negativeprefixes
a.Degree,measuresorsize:
hyper(过多)-(hypercreative,hyperdevoted);
over超过-(overestimate,overcompensate);
semi半-(semiskilled,semi-annual);
super超级-(super-dominant,supercharged);
ultra极端-(ultra-conservative,ultra-secret)
b.Repetitionorpossibility:
em-(beforep,b,m)/en-使处于某种状态(embark,enclose)
c.Time,place,orderrelation:
ex-外,以前的(ex-empl