快递服务业概述外文翻译可编辑Word格式.docx

快递服务业概述外文翻译可编辑Word格式.docx

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AnOverviewofExpressDeliveryServices

MaterialSource:

AReportByUS-ASEANBusinessCouncil,2005

Author:

JamesI.CampbellJr.

A.CharacteristicsofanExpressDeliveryCompany

Fourmajorintegrators?

UPS,FedEx,TNT,andDHL?

accountforalmost85percentoftheworld’sexpressshipments.Theservicesthatthesecompaniesprovidegenerallysharethefollowingcharacteristicswhichdifferentiatethemfromothertraditionalformsofdeliveryservices:

-Door-to-doordelivery:

Thisincludestheseamlesstransferacrossmultiplemodesoftransport.The“integrated”aspectoftheserviceofferedfreesthecustomerfromtheneedtomakecomplextransportationarrangementsforpick-upanddelivery.

-Closecustodialcontrol:

Usingsophisticatedinformationsystemsthatenhancesecurity,EDSfirmsmaintainclosecustodialandadministrativecontroloverallshipments.Thisisparticularlyimportanttoreducetheriskoflossordamagetogoodsintransit.

-Trackandtracetechnology:

Shippersandconsigneesmaytracktheprecisemovementandlocationoftheirshipmentsandconfirmdeliverywiththeuseofsophisticated‘trackandtrace’technologythatanEDSfirmprovides.

-Facilitationofcustomsclearance:

EDSfirmsassistwithcustomsclearancesothatcustomersdonothavetonavigatebureaucraticcustomsregimesandtherequiredpaperwork.

-Highlevelofreliability:

EDSfirmspromisethatpackageswillarriveattherequireddestination,ontime.Thisisparticularlyimportantforshipmentsofhigh-techcomponentsdueforproductionlines,aswellasessentialfinancialdocuments.

-Globalservice:

ThemajorEDSfirmsoffertheircustomersdeliverytomarketsandcitiesworldwidethroughanintricatenetworkofairhubsandstations.EDSisanetworkbusiness.

-Speedofdelivery:

Mostimportantly,OvernightandSecond-dayexpressservicesreduceoverallinventoryandwarehousingneeds,andimizesupplychainefficiency.TheaverageshippingtimefromtheU.S.toSoutheastAsiaisabout2-3workingdaysdoor-todoor.Together,thesecharacteristicsbringbusinessestimely,secure,andguaranteedworldwidedeliveryofdocuments,products,components,andsparepartstoassistwithefficientsupplychainmanagement.

B.BenefitstoBusinesses

Aircargorepresents40percentofthevalueofglobaltrade.ThebulkofthisishandledbyEDSfirms.ServicingtheneedsofbothmultinationalcorporationsandtheemergentsmallandmediumenterpriseSMEsectorintheirmanufacturing,import,andexportactivities,thisindustryhasbeenanimportantengineforeconomicgrowth.SectorswhichheavilyrelyonEDStoremaincompetitiveareknowledge-basedandtechnologicallyadvanced,includingthatofpharmaceuticalsandbiotechnology,informationtechnologyandtelecoms,textiles,automotive&

transport,engineering,financialandbusinessservices,andtraditionalmanufacturing.

Toremaincompetitive,companiestodayfocusnotonlyonproductperformancebutalsofactorinhowwellcostscanbemanagedandreducedthroughdistributionandproduction,andhowquicklypartscanbebroughttogether,assembled,anddistributedtoglobalmarkets.EDSfirmshelpwiththesmoothorchestrationoftheseactivitiesandarethereforepartofthecriticalinfrastructureforefficientsupplychainmanagement.

ReducingInventoryandOtherIndirectCosts

WiththesupportofEDS,companiesnolongerhavetomaintainlargeinventoriesandcanthereforecarryoutbetterconcentration,rationalization,andlocationofwarehouses.InastudyconductedbyGauschandKogan2001,companiesindevelopingcountrieswerefoundtohave2-5timesmoreinventoryholdingsinthemanufacturingsectorthancompaniesintheU.S.

Halvingtheseinventoriescouldconsequentlyreduceunitproductioncostsby20percent.InatypicalAsianemergingmarket,logisticssupplychaincostsisashighas22-24percentoftotalproductioncostsformanufacturers.Inanotherstudy,itwasfoundthatforevery$1spentonexpresstransportation,companieswouldsave$1.50inwarehousingandinventorycost.Formanufacturers,takingadvantageoftheavailabilityofEDSallowsformoreefficientstockmanagementandproductiontechniquestobepracticed,includingtheabilitytorespondmorequicklytostockoutages,andproductioninterruptions.TheseindirectcostsarenotalwaysvisibleandoftenoverlookedbutarecriticaltoSMEsinemergingeconomies.Otherimmediatecostsavingscanalsoberealizedthroughgreaterflexibilityinsourcing.Theflexibilityallowscompaniestosourcefromawiderarrayofsuppliersandreducetheirinputcosts.

IntroducingFlexibilityintoBusinessStructure

EDSallowsformoreflexiblebusinesssolutions.RelyingonEDStobridgedistancesremovesthetraditionallyimportanttime-to-marketconsiderationandallowscompaniestomakestrategicdecisionsonwheretolocatetheirbusinessunitsbasedonfactorsofcompetition,proximitytosupportingindustries,andcomplementaryindustryhubs.

Thisisparticularlyrelevantforknowledge-basedindustriesinthebiomedicalandpharmaceuticalfield.InasurveyconductedofEuropeancompaniesinGermanyontheusageofEDS,80percentofsurveyrespondentsreportedtheimportanceofbeingbasedinlocationsproviding“imumparticipationinleadingresearchassociations.”Decentralizationofresearch&

developmentunitstohubswheretheselaboratories,testingcenters,hospitals,patentregistrationoffices,andresearchthinktanksarelocatedallowsbusinessestobenefitfromanenvironmentofinnovationimportanttoproductdevelopment.Atthesametime,productdevelopmentunitsrelyonEDStoshipsamplestomarketsforclinicaltrials,deliverhighlyclassifiedandproprietarylegaldocumentsandpatentapplications,shipurgentlyneededdrugstohospitals,andmaintain“just-in-time”stock-managementpracticesforitslaboratories.

C.EconomicBenefits

Inmanypartsoftheworld,theEDSsectorhasbeenacatalysttotradeandinvestmentgrowth,generatingprofoundmultipliereffectsforthewidereconomy.ForASEANcountrieslookingtoextendtheirreachtoglobalmarkets,networksthatEDSfirmsbuildarecritical.Thesenetworksrendersupplychainsmoreefficientandcontributegreatlytoexportgrowth,stimulateforeigndirectinvestment,andfosterregionaldevelopmentandSMEgrowth.

FacilitatingExportGrowth

InASEAN,intra-regionaltradeaccountsforabout20percentofoveralltrade.Thisisconsiderablylessthaninmostregions.Themainreasonsforthelimitedintra-regionaltradearethe“patternoflogisticscostsandinstitutionalbarrierstoland-basedtrade.”Thisphenomenonmakescountriesoftheregioneffectivelyclosertoindustrialcountriesthantoeachother.TofullyrealizethebenefitstheASEANFreeTradeAgreementAFTA,bringinglaggingeconomiesandlandlockedcountriesintheregionuptomedianperformancelevelsiskey.

Thereisacausallinkbetweenconnectivityandoverallgrowthintrade,andanevenstrongercorrelationbetweentransportationandlogisticsinfrastructureandexportperformance.

Transportationandlogistics-relatedcostsinASEANcontinuetorepresentasubstantialpercentageoftheactualcostofgoods.Acountrywithhighlogisticscostsisfar,inaneconomicsense,frominternationalmarkets.Inthestudy“TowardsaGeographyofTradeCosts”Hummel1999whichcomparedsalesbymanufacturersofsimilarproducts,exporterswith1percentlowershippingcostsenjoya5-8percenthighermarketshare.InanotherstudyconductedbytheMcKinseyGroup,annualGDPforoneAsiancountryisforecastedtoincreaseby1.5to2percentby2010iflogisticscostsarereducedby15to20percentThisisincontrasttoanongoing$10billioninfrastructureprojectwhichwouldonlygenerate0.7to1percentGDPgrowthoverthesameperiod.Indeed,injectingcompetitionintotheindustrytolowerlogisticscostscangiveasignificantcompetitiveedgetoproducersinanopeneconomy.Efficientinter-modaltransportation,includingtheuseofEDS,wouldresultinmoreefficientsupplychainmanagement.

Theseefficienciesundoubtedlyreplicategainsintheexportsector.AstudyconductedbytheEconomicStrategyInstituteconcludedthatfurtherdevelopmentandliberalizationintheairexpressindustrycouldresultinpercentagegainsforexportsperyearfrom2004-2008between0.386-0.562percentperyearforSingapore;

2.895?

4.215percentperyearforMalaysia,Thailand,andthePhilippines;

and3.86?

5.62percentperyearforVietnamandIndonesia.

FacilitatingFDIandPromotingRegionalDevelopment

EDSfirmsplayacriticalroleininfluencingcompanydecisionsonhowmuchandwheretoinvest.

ThisisespeciallyapplicabletoremotemarketswhereEDSfirmsassistinovercomingproblemsofgeographyandweakertransportationinfrastructure.Fifty-eightpercentofparticipatingcompaniesinasurveyconductedforthereport“TheEconomicImpactofExpressCarriersinEurope”OxfordEconomicForecasting,2004considereasyaccesstomarkets,customersorclients,as“absolutelyessential”whendecidingwheretolocate.IntheEU,theimportanceofEDSiscompelling?

withoutEDS,35percentofthoseinterviewedforastudyinPortugalsaidtheywouldhavetorelocate;

15percentoftheUKand10percentoftheItaliancompaniessurveyedwouldconsiderrelocatingabroad;

and30percentoftheFrenchcompaniesand10percentoftheBelgianfirmssurveyedwouldconsideroutsourcing.TheEDSindustrynowsupports530,000directandindirectjobsintheEU.Theirpresencehasinjectedthemuchneededdownstreaminvestmentforcreatingjobsinthe10newEUmemberstates.12,000employeesworkdirectlyforthefour