专四阅读张彦敏文档格式.docx

专四阅读张彦敏文档格式.docx

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B.givinginformationonaddress

C.locatingfireman'

sproblems

D.providingmedicalcare

2.Thespeedofthecomputerisamazingbecause___C__

A.itcanprovideinformationveryquickly.

B.itcanprovidenecessaryinformation.

C.theinformationissenttofiremenbyradio.

D.thecomputercenterissituatedinTownHall.

3.Whydoesthecomputercontainmedicalrecordsoffiremen?

A

A.Theypredictpossibledangersfrofiremen.

B.theyhelpdoctorsintreatinginjuredfiremen.

C.Theycansavepropertyandpeople'

slives.

D.Theyprovideimportantinformationaboutinjuries.

4.Themainideaofthepassageisabout_B____

A.firemenandfirefighting.

B.necessarymedicalinformation

C.theusefulnessofthecomputer

D.thequickspeedofthecomputer

Largecompaniesneed 

waytoreachthesavingsofthepublic.Thesameproblem,onasmallerscale,facespracticallyeverycompanytryingtodevelopnewproductsandcreatenewjobs.Therecanbelittleprospectofraisingthemoneyneededfromfriendsandpeopleweknow,andwhilebanksmayagreetoprovideshort-termloans,theyaregenerallyunwillingtoprovidemoneyonapermanentbasisforlongtermprojects.Socompaniesturntothepublic,invitingpeopletolendthemmoney,ortakeashareinthebusinessinexchangeforashareinfutureprofits.Theydothisbyissuingstocksandsharesthroughthestockexchange.Bydoingso,theycanputintousethesavingsofindividualsandinstitutions.

Whenthesaverswanttohavehismoneyback,hedoesnothavetogettothecompanywhichhasborrowedhismoney.Instead,hesellshissharesthroughastockbrokertosomeothersaverwhoisseekingtoinvesthismoney.

Manyoftheservicesneededbothbyindustry,andbyeachofusareprovidedbytheGovernment.Withouthospital,roads,electricity,telephone,railways,etc.,thecountrycouldnotfunction.Alltheserequirecontinuousspendingonnewequipmentiftheyaretoserverusproperly,requiringmoremoneythanisraisedthroughtaxesalone.theGovernmentandindustriesthereforfrequentlyneedtoborrowmoneytofinancemajorcapitalspending,andthey,too,gotothestockexchange.

Thereishardlyamanorwomaninthecountrywhosejoborwhosestandardoflivingdosnotdependontheabilityofhisorheremployertoraisemoneytofinancenewdevelopment.Inonewayoranother,newmoneymustcomefromthesavingsofthecountry.Thestockexchangeexiststoprovideachannelthroughwhichthesesavingscanreachthosewhoneedmoney.

5.Companiesmust____Cformoneyforlong-termdevelopment.

A.gotobanks

B.askotherorganizations

C.turntothepublic

D.gotoacquaintances

6.Thestockexchangemanages__D___

A.companybusiness

B.companyshares

C.companyprojects

D.companyprofits

7.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTcorrect?

B

A.Theauthoritiesprovidemanynecessaryservices.

B.Hospital,railwaysetc.areessentialtoacountry.

C.TheGovernmentneedtoborrowfromthestockexchange.

D.Taxescanraiseallthemoneyneededforimprovement.

8.Themainideaofthepassageisabout_A____

A.functionsofthestockexchange.

B.companyfinancialneeds.

C.rolesofthestockbroker.

D.essentialpublicservices.

Itis 

generallyagreedthatthefirsttruecitiesappearedabout5000yearsagointhefood-producingcommunitiesoftheMiddleEast.ThecitiesofSumeria,EgyptandtheIndusValleypossessedanumberofcharacteristicswhichdistinguishedthematrulyurban.Thecitieswereverymuchlargerandmoredenselypopulatedthanany 

previoussettlement,andtheirfunctionwasclearlydifferentiatedfromthatofthesurroundingvillages.Inthecitiestheoldpatternsofkinshiprelationswerereplacedbyacomplexhierarchyofsocialclassesbasedonthespecializationoflabor.Moreover,theneedtokeeprecordsledtothedevelopmentofwritingandarithmetic,andtheincreasedsophisticationofurbansocietygaveanewimpetustoartisticexpressionofeverykind.

WhenthebasisofcitylifewasestablishedinEuropetheurbantraditionwasdrawnfromtheancientcitiesoftheMiddleEast,viathecivilizationsofGreeceandRome,wecantracethreemainphasesinthegrowthoftheWestEuropeancity.Thefirstoftheseisthemedievalphase,whichextendsfromthebeginningofthe11thcenturyA.Dtoabout1500.ThesecondistherenaissanceandBaroquephase,whichcanbetracedfromabout1500tothebeginningofthe19thcentury.Thethirdisthemodernphase,extendingfromtheearly19thcenturytothepresentday.

Everymedievalcitybeganasasmallsettlementwhichgrewuproundageographicalorculturalfocalpoint.Thiswouldoftenbeapermanentstructuresuchasastronghold,acathedraloralargechurch.Indistrictswheretravelandtradewerewellestablished,itmightbeamarket,arivercrossing,oraplacewheretwoormoretraderoutesmet.Instudiesofurbangeographyotheroldestpartofatownisreferredtoasthenuclearsettlement.TherearemanysmalltownsinEuropewhereitisstillpossibletotracetheoutlineoftheoriginalnuclearsettlement.Itis,ofcourse,muchmoredifficulttodothisinthecaseifalargemoderncitywhichhasgrowntomaytimesitsoriginalsize.

9.TheancientcitieswerecharacterizedbyallthefollowingEXCEPT_C____

A.largerpopulations

B.differentlocations

C.differentroles

D.differentsocialclasses

10.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisCORRECT?

D

A.WestEuropeancitiesestablishedtheirownurbantradition.

B.WestEuropeancitiesgrewdirectlyoutofthoseintheMiddleEast.

C.CitiesappearedearlierintheMiddleEastthaninGreeceandRome.

D.WestEuropeanandMiddleEastcitieswentthroughthesamephases.

11.Whichofthefollowingcouldberegardedasageographicalfocalpoint?

A.Atownhall.

B.Avegetablegarden.

C.Alocalcafeteria.

D.Anopenmarket.

Inrecentyears,therehasbeenanincreasingawarenessoftheinadequaciesofthejudicialsystemintheU.S.Costsaregoinguprapidlybothforthetaxpayersandthelitigantsandthelitigants,orpartiesinalawsuit,havetowaitsometimesmanyyearsbeforehavingtheirdayincourt.Manysuggestionshavebeenputforwardconcerningmethodsofimprovingthesituating,butasinmostbranchesoftheGovernment,changescomeslowly.

Onesuggestionthathasbeenmadeinordertomaximizetheefficiencyofthesystemistoallowdistrictsthathavetoomanywaitingcasestomorrowjudgesfromotherdistricts.Anothersuggestionistousepretrialconferencesinwhichthejudgemeetswiththelitigantsandtheirlawyersinordertonarrowtheissues,limitthewitnesses,andprovideforamoreorderlytrial.Thetheorybehindpretrialconferencesisthatjudgeswillspendlesstimeoneachcaseandpartieswillmorereadilysettlebeforetrialwhentheyrealizetheadequacyoftheirclaimsandtheiropponents'

evidence.

Manystateshavenowestablishedanothermethod,small-claimscourts.Theproceedingscostthelitigantsalmostnothing.InCalifornia,forexample,thepartiesmustappearbeforethejudgewithouttheassistanceoflawyers.Theproceedingsarequiteinformalandthereisnopeaking--thelitigantsneedtomakeonlya 

one-sentencestatementoftheirclaimBydoingso,theplaintiffgivesup 

anyrighttoajurytrialandtherighttoappealthedecision.

12.Thejudicialsystemisconsideredinadequatebecauseof__D___

A.highcostsandlongdelays.

B.hightaxesandlongdelays

C.slowchangesandhightaxes

D.highcostsandhightaxes

13.Thepre-trialconferenceissupposedto____D_

A.reducecourtevidence.

B.increasecourtcosts.

C.raisecourtefficiency

D.cutthenumberoflitigants.

14.Insmall-claimscourtsthelitigants_C____

A.statetheirclaimsindetail.

B.appearwithoutlegaladvisors.

C.canlatergotoajurytrial.

D.havetopayhighcourtcosts.

15.Themaintopicofthepassageisabout__A___

A.suggestionsonhowtomakelegalclaims.

B.waystoproducecourtevidence

C.waystodealwiththejudgeincourt

D.methodstoimprovecourtefficiency

About5,000yearsago,theEgyptiansandotherpeo