药理Word文档下载推荐.docx

药理Word文档下载推荐.docx

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Half-life半衰期（t1/2）:

Thetimewhichistakenfortheconcentrationofdrugtofalltohalfoftheinitialvalue.多指血浆药物浓度下降一半所需时间。

Apparentdistributionvolume表观分布容积（Vd）:

Ahypotheticalvolumeofbodyfluidthatwouldberequiredtodissolvethetotalamountofdrugatthesameconcentrationasthatfoundintheblood.指理论上药物均匀分布所需容积。

bioavailability生物利用度（F）：

Itisdefinedasthefractionofunchangeddrugreachingthesystemiccirculationtodose.指药物实际被利用的程度。

即进入血液的药量与给药量之比。

全身清除率（CLs）：

Clearanceofadrugisdefinedasthevolumeofplasmawhichcontaineddrugwillberemovedperunittime.指单位时间内多少毫升血浆中的药物被清除。

消除速率常数（eliminationrateconstant,Ke）：

theconcentrationofadrugthatiseliminatedperunittime.单位时间内药物消除的分数。

血浆蛋白结合率（Pb）：

Thefractionofbounddrugtototaldrugintheblood.指结合部分占血浆中总药量的百分比。

曲线下面积（AUC）：

Meanstheareaundertheplasmaconcentrationversustimecurve,itrepresenttherelativeaccumulationofabsorptionforatimeinterval.指由横坐标轴和曲线围成的区域，代表一段时间内药物吸收的相对累积量。

稳态浓度（Css）：

Concentrationatsteadystatemaybedefinedasplasmaconcentrationreachastablelevelorinputrateequalsoutputrateafterrepeatdosing.

指多次给药后血药浓度达到一定高度后保持在基本稳定水平。

波动度（DF）:

Degreeoffluctuation:

thepercentageofthedifferencebetween.指峰谷浓度之差占二者平均值的百分比。

即

Enzymeinducer:

drugwhichcaninducetheformationofmicrosomaldrug-metabolizing

Enzymeinhibitor:

drugwhichcaninhibittheformationofmocrosomaldrug-metabolizing

Cyclospasm（Spasmofaccommodation，调节痉挛）:

Contractionofciliarymuscle（睫状肌）→relaxationofsuspensoryligament（悬韧带）oflens晶状体→Thelensbecomesmoreconvex凸→refractivity折射isincreased→nearvisionisclear

Cholinergiccrisis胆碱能危象:

overdosageofneostigminewillproduceaccumulationofexcessofAch,producingsustained持续的depolarzation,exacerbate加剧disturbanceofneuromusculartransmission,increasethesymptomsofmyasthenia肌无力.

Cycloplegia调节麻痹:

atropinecanblockacetylcholinebycombiningwithmuscarinic毒蕈碱cholinergicreceptor,thisblockadecausesrelaxationofciliarymuscle,contractionofsuspensoryligamentoflens,thelensbecomesmoreflat,refractivityisdecreased,farsightisclear,andcan’tfocusonnearvision.

epinephrinereversal（肾上腺素翻转）:

α1-receptorantagonistmayconvertapressorresponseofepinephrinetoadepressorresponse.

Artificialhibernation人工冬眠:

Chlorpromazine氯丙嗪,pethidine哌替啶andpromethazine异丙嗪combinetogethertoformhibernationmixture.Inthisstate,bodytemperaturedecreasedtounderthenormalrange（<

34℃）,BMR↓;

theresponsetopathogenicstimuliofhumanbeingisweak,especiallybraintissuecantolerateanoxia;

thebloodvesselswouldbedilated,andmicrocirculationisimproved.

Hypothermicanesthesia低温麻醉:

Chlorpromazineaccompaniedwithphysicalhypothermiacanreducebodytemperature（28-30℃）,decreaseoxygenconsumptionofheartandbrain,andusefulinperformanceofsomeoperations.

Concealedconduction隐匿性传导:

drugssuchasdigitalis洋地黄,increasetherateatwhichimpulsesentertheatrialmarginofthenode.Thoseimpulsesthatenterthenodebutfailtopropagate传播throughitspreadslowlyandleavethetissuerefractoryintheirwake.

“On-off”phenomenon开关现象:

Usuallyoccurafterlong-termuseoflevodopa;

Achangeinthepatient’scondition,withsometimesrapidfluctuation急剧波动betweenuncontrolledmovementsandnormalmovement;

Hyperactivity（on）andrigidity,akinesia运动不能（off）alternatively.

Salicylism:

水杨酸反应:

Asyndromeresultingfromaspirin（orothersalicylate）overdosage,thesymptomsarenausea,vomiting,tinnitus耳鸣,deafness,severeheadache,mentaldullnessandconfusion,hyperventilation,acidbasebalancedisturbances.

Delayedafterdepolarization迟后除极:

UndertheconditionsofintracellularCa2+overload（Myocardialischemia,adrenergicstress,digitalisintoxication）,anormalactionpotentialmaybefollowedbyaDAD.

Cinchonism金鸡纳反应:

Itisdescribedbythesymptomsofhearingloss,tinnitus耳鸣,vomiting,nausea,diarrhea,headache,diplopia复视,photophobia畏光,altered-color,confusion,andpsychosis.

Antibiotics:

naturesubstancesproducedbysomemicroorganismsandcapableofinhibitingthegrowthofothermicroorganismsandparasites.

Antibacterialdrugs:

drugsthatareintendedtoinhibitandkillthepathogenicorganism.

Chemotherapeuticindex（CI）化疗指数:

itisaratio:

CI=LD50/ED50orLD5/ED95,thegreatertheratio,thatis,thelowertheED50orthehighertheLD50,thegreateristhesafetyofthedrug.

Drug-resistance:

relativeorcompletelackofeffectsofantimicrobialagentagainstapreviouslysusceptiblemicrobe.Thiscanalsopresentinparasitesandcancercells.

Postantibioticeffect（PAE）抗生素后效应:

residualantibacterialactivitypersistingaftertheantibiotic’sconcentrationdecreasedbelowtheminimuminhibitoryconcentration.

1.whatarethepharmacologicaleffectandclinicalusesofpilocarpine（匹鲁卡品，毛果芸香碱）?

Effect:

（1）Eye:

Miosis（缩瞳）,Decreaseintraocularpressure（降低眼内压）,Cyclospasm（调节痉挛）

（2）Glands:

activatesM-receptorsandincreasessecretionofsweatgland,andsalivarygland,thelacrimal泪腺,gastric,pancreatic,andintestinalglands,andthemucouscellsoftherespiratorytract.

（3）Smoothmuscle:

IncreaseperistalticactivityoftheGItract,contractbronchial,bladder,gallbladderanduterussmoothmuscle

（4）Cardiovascularsystem:

TransientdecreaseinBP,MarkedincreaseinBP

（5）CNS:

characteristiccorticalarousal觉醒oractivationresponseincats

Clinicaluses:

Glaucoma（青光眼）,Iritis（巩膜炎），Drymouth

2.whatarepharmacologicaction,andclinicalusesofneostigmine?

mechanism:

formaneostigmine-AchEcomplex,inhibitstheactivityofAchE乙酰胆碱酯酶,accumulatesAchconcentrationinthesynapticclefts间隙,expressesM-andN-effects.

pharmacologicaction

（1）StrongstimulatingeffectonGItractandbladdersmoothmuscle

（2）Weakeffectoncardiovascularsystem,glands,eyeandbronchialsmoothmuscle,（3）strongactivatingeffectonskeletalmuscle:

ExcessAchactivateNM-receptorsoftheskeletalmusclemotorendplate,DirectactivatingNM-receptor,ReleaseAchatthemotornerveendings

clinicaluses:

（1）Myastheniagravis（重症肌无力）

（2）Postoperativeileusandurinaryretention（术后肠梗阻和尿潴留）

（3）Paroxysmalsupraventriculartachycardia（阵发性室上性心动过速）

（4）Overdosageofnon-depolarizingmusclerelaxants（肌松药过量中毒）

（5）Glaucoma（青光眼）

（6）Alzheimer’sdisease

3.whatarepharmacologiceffectsofatropine?

Describeitsmechanism.

Atropinecausesreversibleblockadeoftheactionsofcholinomimeticsatmuscarinereceptors.Antagonismbyatropineiscompetitive;

Atropineishighlyselectiveformuscarinicreceptors.LargedosagealsoblocksNn-receptorofganglia.

（1）Glands:

Inhibitthesecretionofsalivarygland,sweat,lacrimalglandandbronchialsecretoryglands,drymouth,drynessoftheskin,elevatedbodytemperature,dryeyes.Largedosagemayinhibitthesecretoryfunctionofthestomach.

（2）Eye:

mydriasis（扩瞳）,Cycloplegia,increaseofocularpressure

Relaxationofvisceralsmoothmuscle.

（4）Heart:

Smalldosagedecreasesheartrate;

Largerdosagetachycardia;

Atropinefacilitate促进AVconductionandshortensthefunctionalrefractoryperiodoftheAVnode,increaseventricularrateandlessenthedegreeofAVblock.

（5）Dilatebloodvesselsandimprovemicrocirculation

（6）CNSstimulatingeffect:

therapeuticdosesonlymildvagal迷走神经excitation;

toxicdosescentralexcitation;

stilllargerdosesstimulationisfollowedbydepression.

4.whatareclinicalusesofatropine?

（1）Relaxationofsmoothmusclespasm痉挛:

gastricandintestinalcolicpain、bladderirritatingsymptoms

（2）Inhibitionofthesecretoryglandsecretion:

preanaestheticmedicationandasanadjuvant佐剂usedforpepticulcer,relaxationofthestomachsmoothmuscle.

（3）Ophthalmologic眼科disorders:

Accuratemeasurementofrefractiveerror屈光不正inuncooperativepatients;

Ophthalmoscopicexamination;

Preventadhesionformationinuveitis膜炎andiritis虹膜炎.

（4）Cardiovasculardisorder:

bradycardia,SAblock,A-Vblock

（5）Antishock:

mainlyusedininfectiousintoxicated,dilatesthespasmofarteriol,butnotusedtotheshockpatientaccompanywithfeverandtachycardia.

（6）Organophosphateintoxication

5.whatarethepharmacologicaleffectsofβ-receptorblockers?

（1）（a）Heart:

negativechronotropic;

negativeinotropic;

negativedromotropic.（b）BloodvesselandBP:

decreasebloodpressureinpatientswithhypertension,noeffectsonnormalmen.withoutprominentposturalhypotension体位性低血压.（c）Respiratorytract:

bronchoconstriction支气管狭窄andasthma.（d）Eyes:

reduceintraocularpressureinglaucomatouseyes.decreaseaqueoushumor房水production.（e）Metaboliceffects:

inhibitlipolysisandglycogenolysis.（f）Othereffects:

β-blockersinhibitthereleaseofrenin,;

blockpresynapticβ2receptorofnerveending,inhibitthepositiv