农村土地外文翻译Word文档格式.docx

农村土地外文翻译Word文档格式.docx

《农村土地外文翻译Word文档格式.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《农村土地外文翻译Word文档格式.docx（12页珍藏版）》请在冰点文库上搜索。

本科毕业设计（论文）

外文翻译

原文：

RURALANDURBANLANDDEVELOPMENTANDLANDTENURESYSTEMS:

ACOMPARISONBETWEENSOUTHAFRICA

RURALLAND

Priortoindependence,Botswanahadestablishedtraditionalwaysofallocatingandmanagingtriballandanditsresourcesthroughchiefsandcommunities.Soonafterindependence,theauthoritytoallocatetriballandwasshiftedfromthechiefstotheTribalLandBoardswhichwereestablishedbytheTribalLandAct,butthemanagementoftheresourcesremainstheresponsibilityoftheusersandtheircommunities.Accordingtothisact,almost71%oftheavailablelandisadministeredastriballandaccordingtoanintegratedsystemofcustomarylandtenure.Althoughthetenurialrulesfortriballandhavebeenchangedconsiderablybythisact,itisconsideredaveryinnovativewaytocombineindividuallandtenuresecuritywithtriballand-use.

TheLandBoardswereestablishedforaspecifiedtribalterritory,andtookovertheadministrativefunctionsfromchiefsandothertribalauthorities.TitleofthelandvestedintheLandBoards.TheLandBoardswereinitiallyentitledtomakecustomaryandcommonlawgrants,forresidential,grazingorcultivationpurposes,tomembersofthedifferenttribeslivinginthespecifiedterritoriesonly,butsince1993anycitizenofBotswanaisentitledtoapplyfortheserights.LandBoardsmaintaintheirownrecordorregistrationsystemandrightsarenotregisteredinthecentraldeedsregistrationsystemofBotswana,apparentlytokeepthemmoreaffordable.TheLandBoardsareentitledtoissuecertificatesofcustomarygrantsorcertificatesofoccupation.Provisionhasbeenmadefortheconversionofthesecertificatesintotitlesregistrableinthedeedsregistryoncedemandarisestodealwiththesecertificatesinthecommerciallendingmarket.Anychangeinright-holdermustbereportedtothelandboardinordertomaintaintheaccuracyoftherecordsystemofthelandboard.Shelterprovisioninruralareashasbeenonindividualsinitiatives.Themostimportantprerequisiteforhousingdevelopment,whichisaccesstoland,hasnotreallybeenadisturbingissueduetothefactthatallmaleandfemalecitizensareallocatedtriballandforfree,butinanefforttofacilitateshelterprovisioninruralareas,thegovernmentintendstointroducearuralhousingprogramme.

LanduseplanningisnotanewphenomenoninBotswana.Pastexperiencesandrecordsindicatethatthetraditionalchiefswhohadauthorityonlandhavealwaysdonesomeformoflanduseplanning.FormallanduseplanninginBotswanastartedwiththeimplementationoftheTribalGrazingLandPolicyin1975,whensomeareaswerezonedforwildlifeuse,othersbecamereservedareas,whileotherareascontinuedtobeforcommunaluse.Thispolicyenabledindividualsorgroupstohaveexclusiveuseoflandinareaszonedforsuchuse.Theserightsarepermanent,exclusionaryandinheritable.Theymayonlyberevokedbythelandboardincircumstanceswheretheright-holderfailstoutilizethelandontermsspecifiedbythelandboard,orfailstodevelopthelandaccordingtothespecifiedpurposeswithinfiveyearsorwherethelandwasnotdistributedfairly.Intheseinstances,thelanddoesnotreverttothegovernmentbutisreallocatedbythelandboardtootherapplicants.Thispolicywasthereforeamajorprogrammethroughwhichruraldevelopmentwastobeachieved.

Thedistrictsuptonowcontinuetoprepareandupdatetheirrespectiveintegratedlanduseplans.Inthepreparationofsuchplansthecommunitieshavemajorinputswithregardtothevariouslanduses.Thisisinrealizationofthefactthattohaveanimplementableandsustainablelanduseplan,thecommunitiesshouldbetheoneswhodecidetheusesonaparticulartypeofland.Itshouldbenoted,however,thatnotalldistrictshavesuchplans.

URBANLAND

AnurbancentreinBotswanaisdefinedasAllsettlementsonstatelandandsettlementsontriballandwithapopulationof5000ormorepersonswithatleast75%ofthelaborforceinnon-agriculturaloccupations.Generally,anurbancentreshouldbeseentoprovideitspopulationwithinfra-structuralandenvironmentalservicessimilartothatwhichexistsinamoderncity.Rural-urbanmigrationhasplayedanimportantroleinthegrowthofurbanareas.Severalurbandevelopmentpolicieshavebeenevolvedovertheyearstoguidethegrowthanddevelopmentoftheurbanareas.DuetothefactthatalargepartofthepeopleofBotswanaarelivinginruralareas,mostofthedevelopmentisaimedattheruralareas,butafewprogrammeswereintroducedinordertobetterthecircumstancesofthoselivinginurbanareas.TheSelfHelpHousingProgrammewasintroducedtoassistthelowincomeurbanhouseholdstodeveloptheirownhouses.Underthisscheme,theGovernmentprovidesbasicservicessuchasroads,waterstandpipes,andapit-latrinetoeachplot.PlotholdersweregiventenurialsecuritythroughaCertificateofRights.Thisprogrammehasalsobeenusedinupgradingthesquattersettlementswhichexistedpriortoitsinception.

Shortageofservicedlandhasbeenidentifiedasoneofthemajorconstraintstourbanhousingdevelopment.Thereforeamajorlandservicingprogramme,theAcceleratedLandServicingProgramme,wasintroduced.Theobjectiveoftheprogrammewastoservicelandforalluses,suchasresidential,commercialandindustrial,inallurbanareas.AHousingDepartmenthasbeenestablished,whichischargedwiththeresponsibilityofpromotinghousingdevelopmentandimprovementthroughpolicyinitiativesthatcreateanenablingenvironmentforshelterprovision.

TheTownandCountryPlanningAct,whichisthemainlegislationguidingphysicalplanninginBotswana,makesprovisionsforanorderlyandprogressivedevelopmentandcontroloflandinbothurbanandruralareas.TheUrbanDevelopmentStandardsandtheDevelopmentControlCodealsofacilitatetheorderlyplanningofsettlements.Sustainableurbandevelopmentdependsontheavailabilityofcleanwatersupplyandprovisionofinfrastructureforsanitationandwastemanagement.Anintegratedapproachintheprovisionofenvironmentallysoundinfrastructuresinhumansettlementsisseenasaninvestmentthatfosterssustainabledevelopmentandthatcanimprovethequalityoflife,increaseproductivity,improvehealth,andreducepoverty.

Althoughtheconceptofsustainabledevelopmentgainedprominenceontheinternationalsceneonlyafewyearsback,ithasbeenoneoftheobjectivesofdevelopmentplanninginBotswanasinceindependencein1966.Thetermhasappearedasanobjectiveinallthesubsequentdevelopmentplans,butitsmeaninghasbeenexpandedtoreflectthechangingdevelopmentrealitiesovertheyears.

LANDDEVELOPMENTINSOUTHAFRICA

TheshapeandformofthecitiesinSouthAfricaaretheresultofconsciousapartheidplanninginthepast.WhenSouthAfrica’sfirstdemocraticallyelectedgovernmentcameintopowerin1994,itinheritedthefragmented,unequalandincoherentplanningsystemswhichdevelopedunderapartheid.Duringapartheid,landdevelopmentplanninginthethenfourprovinces,tenhomelandsandthe‘grouparea’racialzones,fellundermanydifferentlaws,ordinances,proceduresandregulations.Therewasalackofcoordination,anunequaldistributionofresourcesandalotof‘redtape’whichsloweddowndevelopmentprojects.

ANationalDevelopmentandPlanningCommissionwereappointedtoadvisetheMinisterofLandAffairsandtheMinisterofHousingonplanninganddevelopment.Amongotherthings,theCommissionwasrequestedtoprepareaGreenPaperonplanningwhichwouldreviewandrecommendchangestotheapartheidlegislationandprocessoflanddevelopmentinSouthAfrica.TheCommissiondecidedtofocusonthespatialplanningsystemforurbanandruraldevelopment.Alanddevelopmentpolicy,theReconstructionandDevelopmentProgramme（RDP）,acomprehensiveandsectorally-basedsocio-economicpolicyframeworkthatestablishedthedevelopmentalfoundationsfortheremovalofapartheidandthebuildingofademocratic,non-racialandnon-sexistfuture,wasadopted.Thispolicyisbaseduponintegrateddevelopmentplanning,aprocesswhichaimstomaximizetheimpactofscarceresourcesandlimitedcapacity.Theprimepurposeofthispolicywastoestablishprocedurestofacilitatethereleaseofappropriatepubliclandforaffordablehousing,publicservicesandproductiveaswellasrecreationalpurposes.Insettlementswhichhavebeenestablishedinremotelocations,withoutformalplanning,landdevelopmentinvolvesupgradingservicesandinfrastructureinsitu.

PlanninginSouthAfricainthepastandatpresentisdoneaccordingtotheTownPlanningOrdinancesofthevariousprovinces.Althoughmechanismsforforwardplanninghavelongexisted,thetownplanningscheme,whichwasestablishedintermsoftheOrdinances,isattheheartofthetownplanningsystem.Whilethissystemwasstrictlyenforcedinmostwhite,Indianandcoloredareas,onlysimplifiedversionswerelaterintroducedtourbantownships,furthercomplicatingthelandadministrationsystem.AsaresulthereofSouthAfricansettlementsinbothurbanandruralareasweregenerallyinefficient,fragmentedandinconvenient.Inlargepart,thisistheresultoftheinterplaybetweenhistoricalspatialplanningpoliciesandpracticesandtheimplementationoftheideologyofapartheid.Despitethis,therearefewsignsthatsignificantandwidereachingimprovementshavebeensetinplacesince1994.TheConstitutionofSouthAfricahasabearingontheplanningsysteminthosenewconstitutionalrequirementssuchascooperativegovernance,proceduralandparticipatoryrightstoensureaccountabilityforde