整理《美国大城市的生与死》Word文件下载.docx
《整理《美国大城市的生与死》Word文件下载.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《整理《美国大城市的生与死》Word文件下载.docx(19页珍藏版)》请在冰点文库上搜索。
(THEDEATHANDLIFEOFGREATAMRICANCITIES)
美国女作家简.雅各布斯(JaneJacobs)
1Introduction
(1)Thisbookisandattackoncityplanningandrebuilding.Itisalso,andmostly,anattempttointroducenewprinciplesofcityplanningandrebuilding,differentandevenoppositefromthosenowtaughtineverythingfromschoolsofarchitectureandplanningtotheSundaysupplementsandwomen’smagazines.Myattackisnotbasedonquibblesaboutrebuildingmethodsorhairsplittingaboutfashionsindesign.Itisanattack,rather,ontheprinciplesandaimsthathaveshapedmodern,orthodoxcityplanningandrebuilding.(2002.2.8)
(2)Insettingforthdifferentprinciples,Ishallmainlybewritingaboutcommon,ordinarythings:
forinstance,whatkindsofcitystreetsaresafeandwhatkindsarenot;
whysomecityparksaremarvelousandothersarevicetrapsanddeathtraps;
whysomeslumsstayslumsandotherslumsregeneratethemselvesevenagainstfinancialandofficialopposition;
whatmakesdowntownsshifttheircenters;
what,ifanything,isacityneighborhood,andwhatjobs,ifany,neighborhoodsingreatcitiesdo.Inshort,Ishallbewritingabouthowcitiesworkinreallife,becausethisistheonlywaytolearnwhatprinciplesofplanningandwhatpracticesinrebuildingcanpromotesocialandeconomicvitalityincities,andwhatpracticesandprinciplewilldeadentheseattributes.(2002.2.8)
(3)Thereisawistfulmyththatifonlywehadenoughmoneytospend—thefigureisusuallyputatahundredbilliondollars—wecouldwipeoutallourslumsintenyears,reversedecayinthegreat,dull,graybeltsthatwereyesterday’sandday-before-yesterday’ssuburbs,anchorthewanderingmiddleclassanditswanderingtaxmoney,andperhapsevensolvethetrafficeproblem.(2002.2.9)
(4)Butlookwhatwehavebuiltwiththefirstseveralbillions:
Low-incomeprojectsthatbecomeworsecentersofdelinquency,vandalismandgeneralsocialhopelessnessthantheslumstheyweresupposedtoreplace.Middle-incomehousingprojectswhicharetrulymarvelsofdullnessandregimentationsealedagainstanybuoyancyorvitalityofcitylife.Luxuryhousingprojectsthatmitigatetheirinanity,ortryto,withavapidvulgarity.Culturalcentersthatareunabletosupportagoodbookstore.Civiccentersthatareavoidedbyeveryonebutbums,whohavefewerchoicesofloiteringplacethanothers.Commercialcentersthatarelacklusterimitationsofstandardizedsuburbanchain-storeshopping.Promenadesthatgofromnoplacetonowhereandhavenopromenaders..Expresswaysthateviscerategreatcities.Thisisnottherebuildingofcities.Thisisthesackingofcities.(2000.2.9)
(5)Underthesurface,theseaccomplishmentsproveevenpoorerthantheirpoorpretenses.Theyseldomaidthecityareasaroundthem,asintheorytheyaresupposedto.Theseamputatedareastypicallydevelopgallopinggangrene.Tohousepeopleinthisplannedfashion,pricetagsarefastenedonthepopulation,andeachsorted-outchunkofprice-taggedpopulacelivesingrowingsuspicionandtensionagainstthesurroundingcity.Whentwoormoresuchhostileislandsarejuxtaposedtheresultiscalled“abalancedneighborhood.”Monopolisticshoppingcentersandmonumentalculturalcenterscloak,underthepublicrelationshoohaw,thesubtractionofcommerce,andofculturetoo,fromtheintimateandcasuallifeofcities.(2002.2.10)
(6)Thatsuchwondersmaybeaccomplished,peoplewhogetmarkedwiththeplanners’hexsignsarepushedabout,expropriated,anduprootedmuchasiftheywerethesubjectsofaconqueringpower.Thousandsofsmallbusinessesaredestroyed,andtheirproprietorsruined,withhardlyagestureatcompensation.Wholecommunitiesaretornapartandsowntothewinds,withareapingofcynicism,resentmentanddespairthatmustbeheardandseentobebelieved.AgroupofclergymeninChicago,appalledatthefruitsofplannedcityrebuildingthere,ask,
(7)CouldjobhavebeenthinkingofChicagowhenhewrote:
(8)Herearementhataltertheirneighbor’slandmark…shoulderthepooraside,conspiretooppressthefriendless.
(9)Reaptheythefieldthatisnoneoftheirs,striptheythevineyardwrongfullyseizedfromitsowner…
(10)Acrygoesupfromthecitystreets,wherewoundedmenliegroaning…
(11)Ifso,hewasalsothinkingofNewYork,Philadelphia,Boston,Washington,St.Louis,SanFranciscoandanumberofotherplaces.Theeconomicrationaleofcurrentcityrebuildingisahoax.Theeconomicsofcityrebuildingdonotrestsoundlyonreasonedinvestmentofpublictaxsubsides,asurbanrenewaltheoryproclaims,butalsoonvast,involuntarysubsideswrungoutofhelplesssitevictims.Andtheincreasedtaxreturnsfromsuchsites,accruingtothecitiesasaresultofthis“investment,”areamirage,apitifulgestureagainsttheeverincreasingsumsofpublicmoneyneededtocombatdisintegrationandinstabilitythatflowfromthecruellyshaken-upcity.Themeanstoplannedcityrebuildingareasdeplorableastheend.(2002.2.12)
(12)Meantime,alltheartandscienceofcityplanningarehelplesstostemdecay—andthespiritlessnessthatprecedesdecay—inevermoremassiveswatchesofcities.Norcanthisdecaybelaid,reassuringly,tolackofopportunitytoapplytheartsofplanning.Itseemstomatterlittlewhethertheyareappliedornot.ConsidertheMorningsideHeightsareainNewYorkCity.Accordingtoplanningtheoryitshouldnotbeintroubleatall,foritenjoysagreataboudanceofparkland,campus,playgroundandpleasantgroundwithmagnificentriverviews.Itisafamouseducationalcenterwithsplendidinstitutions—ColumbiaUniversity,UnionTheologicalSeminary,theJuilliardSchoolofMusic,andhalfadozenothersofeminentrespectability.Itisthebeneficiaryofgoodhospitalsandchurches.Ithasnoindustries.Itsstreetsarezonedinthemainagainst“incompatibleuses“intrudingintothepreservesforsolidlyconstructed,roomy,middle-andupper-classapartments.Yetbytheearly1950’sMorningsideHeightswasbecomingaslumsoswiftly,thesurlykindofsluminwhichpeoplefeartowalkthestreets,thatthesituationposedacrisisfortheinstitutions.Theyandtheplanningarmsofthecitygovernmentgottogether,appliedmoreplanningtheory,wipedoutthemostrun-downpartoftheareaandbuiltinitssteadamiddle-incomehousingprojectcompletewithshoppingcenter,andapublichousingproject,allinterspersedwithair,light,sunshineandlandscaping.Thiswashailedasagreatdemonstrationincitysaving.
(13)Afterthat,MorningsideHeightswentdownhillevenfaster.
(14)Noristhisanunfairorirrelevantexample.Incityaftercity,preciselythewrongareas,inthelightofplanningtheory,aredecaying.Lessnoticed,butequallysignificant,incityaftercitythewrongareas,inthelightofplanningtheory,arerefusingtodecay.
(15)Citiesareanimmenselaboratoryoftrialanderror,failureandsuccess,incitybuildingandcitydesign.Thisisthelaboratoryinwhichcityplanningshouldhavebeenlearningandforminganddiscipline(ifsuchitcanbecalled)haveignoredthestudyofsuccessandfailureinreallife,havebeenincuriousaboutthereasonsforunexpectedsuccess,andareguidedinsteadbyprinciplesderivedfromthebehaviorandappearanceoftowns,suburbs,tuberculosissanatoria,fairs,andimaginarydreamcities—fromanythingbutcitiesthemselves.(2002.2.13)
(16)Ifitappearsthattherebuiltportionsofcitiesandtheendlessnewdevelopmentsspreadingbeyondthecitiesarethereducingcityandcountrysidealiketoamonotonous,unnourishinggruel,thisisnotstrange,Itallcomes,first-,second-third-orfourth-hand,outofthesameintellectualdishormush,amushinwhichthequalities,necessities,advantagesandbehaviorofgreatcitieshavebeenbehaviorofotherandmoreinerttypesofsettlements.
(17)Thereisnothingeconomicallyorsociallyinevitableabouteitherthedecayofoldcitiesorthefresh-minteddecadenceofthenewunurbanurbanization.Onthecontrarynootheraspectofoureconomyandsocietyhasbeenmorepurposefullymanipulatedforafullquarterofacenturytoachievepreciselywhatwearegetting.Extraordinarygovernmentalfinancialincentiveshavebeenrequiretoachievethisdegreeofmonotony,sterilityandvulgarity.Decadesofpreaching,writingandexhortingbyexpertshavegoneintoconvincingusandourlegislatorsthatmushlikethismustbegoodforus,aslongasitcomesbeddedwithgrass.
(18)Automobilesareoftenconvenientlytaggedasthevillainsresponsiblefortheillsofcitiesandthedisappointmentsandfutilitiesofcityplanning.Butthedestructiveeffectsofautomobilesaremuchlessacausethanasymptomofourincompetenceatcitybuilding.Ofcauseplanners,includingthehighwaymenwithfabuloussumsofmoneyandenormouspowerattheirdisposal,areatalosstomakeautomobilesandcitiescompatiblewithoneanother.Theydonotknowwhattodowithautomobilesincitiesbecausetheydonotknowhowtoplanforworkableandvitalcitiesanyhow—withorwithoutautomobiles.
(19)Thesimpleneedsofautomobilesaremoreeasilyunderstoodandsatisfiedthanthecomplexneedsofcities,andagrowingnumberofplannersanddesignershavecometobelievethatiftheycanonlysolvetheproblemsoftraffic,theywilltherebyhavesolvedthemajorproblemofcities.Citieshavemuchmoreintricateeconomicandsocialconcernsthanautomobiletraffic.Howcanyouknowwhattotrywithtrafficuntilyouknowhowthecityitselfworks,andwhatelseitneedstodowithitsstreets?
Youcan’t.(2002.2.15)
(20)Itmaybethatwehavebecamesofecklessaspeoplethatwenolongercarehowthingsdowork,bu