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10.In1588,EnglanddefeatedtheSpanishInvincibleArmada.ThevictoryconsolidatedGreatBritain’smightonthehighseasandinworldtrade.
11.The16thcenturysawthecontradictionbetweenthewealthoftherulingclassesandthepovertyofthepeople.Thatcausedmanyuprisingsofthepeasantrywhohadbeenfreedfromserfdombut,atthesametime,deprivedoftheirhomesandmeansofsubsistence.Theuprisingwasruthlesslysuppressed.
12.TheperiodisalsocalledtheRenaissancePeriod.
ThetermRenaissancewasaEuropeanphenomenon.IthaditsorigininNorthItaly(Florence)inthefourteenthcentury,andspreadnorthwardtootherEuropeancountries---toFrance,toGermany,totheLowCountries(Holland,Belgium,Luxemburgandsoon).Itrevivedclassical(GreekandRoman)artsandsciencesafterthedarkagesofmedievalobscurantism.Actually,
IntheRenaissancePeriod,scholarsandeducatorswhocalledthemselvesHumanistsbegantoemphasizethedignityofhumanbeingsandtheimportanceofthislife.InsteadofsingingpraisetoGod,theysanginpraiseofmanandofthehappinessinthislife.HumanismisthekeynoteoftheRenaissance.TheGreekandRomanclaimedthatmanisthemeasureofallthings.ThisisbestsummarizedinthelinesofShakespeare’sHamlet:
Whatapieceofworkisman;
hownobleinreason;
howinfiniteinfaculty,informandmovinghowexpressandadmirable;
inactionhowlikeanangel;
inapprehensionhowlikeagod!
Thebeautyoftheworld,theparagonofanimals.
人是一件多么了不起的杰作!
多么高贵的理性!
多么伟大的力量!
多么优美的仪表!
多么文雅的举动!
在行为上多么像一个天使!
在智慧上多么想一个天神!
宇宙的精华!
万物的灵长!
13.EdmundSpenser(1552-1599)
Spenserisoftenreferredtoas“thepoets’poet”becausehisinfluenceonlaterpoetswasconsiderable.Heisgenerallyacknowledgedtobethegreatestnon-dramaticpoetoftheElizabethanAge.
14.HisMasterpieceTheFaerieQueene
Spenser’sfameinEnglishliteratureischieflybaseduponhismasterpieceTheFaerieQueene.TheFaerieQueeneisalongpoemplannedintwelvebooks,ofwhichhefinishedonlysix.ThepoemwasdedicatedtoQueenElizabeth.Thewholepoemissuffusedwithgenuinedevotiontothequeenandthecountry.
★SelectedreadingfromTheFaerieQueene
AGentleKnightwasprickingontheplaine,
Ycladdinmightiearmesandsilvershielde.
Whereinolddintsofdeepewoundsdidremaine,
Thecruellmarkesofmany
abloudyfielde;
Yetarmestillthattimedidheneverwield:
Hisangrysteededidchidehisfomingbitt,
Asmuchdisdayningtothecurbetoyield:
Fulljollyknightheseemed,andfairedidsitt.
Asoneforknightlygiustsandfierceencountersfitt.
★WritingFeaturesofthePoem
Thelongpoemiswrittenintheformofallegory.Ithassweetmelodyanditslinesareverymusical.
Spenserinventedanewverseformforthispoem.Theverseformhasbeencalled“SpenserianStanza”sincehisday.Eachstanzahasninelines,eachofthefirsteightlinesisiniambicpentameterform,andthelastlineiniambichexameter.Therhythmschemeisababbcbcc.Becauseofitsrarebeauty,thisverseformwasmuchusedbynearlyallthelaterpoets,especiallyimitatedbytheromanticpoetsofthe19thcentury.
15.WilliamShakespeare(1564-1616)
Aeschylus/希腊的悲剧诗人埃斯库罗斯
伟大的英国文艺复兴时期剧作家、诗人威廉·
莎士比亚于1564年4月23日生于英国中部瓦维克郡埃文河畔斯特拉特福的一位富裕的市民家庭。
其父约翰·
莎士比亚是经营羊毛、皮革制造及谷物生意的杂货商,1565年任镇民政官,3年后被选为镇长。
他少年时代曾在当地的一所主要教授拉丁文的“文学学校”学习,掌握了写作的基本技巧与较丰富的知识,但因他的父亲破产,未能毕业就走上独自谋生之路。
他当过肉店学徒,也曾在乡村学校教过书,还干过其他各种职业,这使他增长了许多社会阅历。
Duringthetwenty-twoyearsofhisliterarycareer,heproduced37plays,154sonnetsand2longnarrativepoems.
★LiteraryCareer
WilliamShakespeare’sliterarycareercanbechronologicallydividedintofourperiods.
1)Periodofearlyexperimentation/ofapprenticeship
Thisperiod,datedform1590to1594,ismarkedbyyouthfulnessandexuberanceofimagination,byextravaganceoflanguage,andbythefrequentuseofrimedcoupletswithhisblankverse.Itistheperiodofapprenticeshipinwhichhemadeoveroldplaysorwrotenewoneslargelyimitationofothermen.Themainplayswritteninthisperiodare:
1590:
HenryVI,PartIIandPartIII(EnglishHistory)
《亨利六世》(中、下)
1591:
HenryVI,PartI(EnglishHistory)
《亨利六世》(上)
1592:
RichardIII(EnglishHistory)《理查三世》
TheComedyofError(Comedy)《错误的喜剧》
1592—1593:
VenusandAdonis(Narrativepoem)
《维纳斯和埃道尼斯》
Sonnets十四行诗
1593:
TheRapeofLucrece(NarrativePoem)
《鲁克丝受辱记》
TinusAndronicus(Tragedy)
《泰特斯·
安特尼斯克斯》
TheTamingoftheShrew(Comedy)
《驯悍记》
1594:
TheTwoGentlemenofVerona(Comedy)
《维洛斯二绅士》
Love’sLabour’sLost(Comedy)《爱的徒劳》
RomeoandJuliet(Tragedy)
《罗密欧与朱丽叶》
2)PeriodofRapidGrowthandDevelopment
Inthisperiod,datedfrom1595to1600,WilliamShakespeareexcelledallhiscontemporariesinhistoricalplaysandromanticcomedies.Styleandapproachbecamehighlyindividualized.Themainplayswrittenduringthisperiodare:
1595:
RichardII(EnglishHistory)《理查二世》
AMidsummerNight’sDream(Comedy)
《仲夏夜之梦》
1596:
KingJohn(EnglishHistory)《约翰王》
TheMerchantofVenice(Comedy)《威尼斯商人》
EdwardIII(EnglishHistory)《爱德华三世》
1597:
HenryIV,PartIandII(EnglishHistory)
《亨利四世》(上、下)
1598:
MuchAdoAboutNothing(Comedy)
《无事生非》
HenryV(EnglishHistory)《亨利五世》
TheMerryWivesofWindsor(Comedy)
《温莎的风流娘儿们》
1599:
JuliusCaesar(RomanTragedy)《裘力斯·
凯撒》
AsYouLikeIt(Comedy)《皆大欢喜》
1600:
TwelfthNight(Comedy)《第十二夜》
3)PeriodofGloomandDepression
Thisperiod,datedfrom1600to1607,marksthefullmaturityofhispower,itwasdevotedlargelytotragedies.InthisperiodShakespeareproducedhismostpowerfulworks:
hisgreattragediesandhisso-calleddarkcomedies.Indepthofthought,insearchinganalysisofhumanmotive,intheexpressionoftheprofoundestfeelings,histragediesmakeoneofthemostmagnificentcreationsofthehumanmind.Themainplayswritteninthisperiodare:
1601:
Hamlet(Tragedy)《哈姆雷特》
1602:
TroilusandCressida(Tragicomedy)
《特洛埃勒斯与克雷西德》
All’sWellThatEndsWell(Tragicomedy)
《终成眷属》
1604:
MeasureforMeasure(Tragicomedy)《一报还一报》
Othello(Tragedy)《奥赛罗》
1605:
KingLear(Tragedy)《李尔王》
Macbeth(Tragedy)《麦克白》
1606:
AntonyandCleopatra(RomanTragedy)
《安东尼奥与克里奥佩特拉》
1607:
Coriolanus(RomanTragedy)《克莉奥兰纳斯》
TimonofAthens(Tragedy)《雅典的泰门》
4)PeriodofCalmandStorm
ThisperiodmarksthelastfewyearsofShakespeare’sliterarywork.Hislastfewyears(1608-1613)hadneitherthelightnessofthebeginningnorthesomberviolenceofthemiddleperiodofhiscareer.Theyhadaspiritofserenity,andoptimism.Shakespeareagainturnedtocomedies.Workswritteninthisperiodare:
1608:
Pericles(Romance)《配利克斯亲王》
1609:
Cymbeline(Romance)《辛白林》
1610:
TheWinter’sTale(Romance)《冬天的故事》
1612:
TheTempest(Romance)《暴风雨》
HenryVIII(EnglishHistory)《亨利八世》
1613?
:
TheTwoNobleKinsmen(Tragicomedy)
《两个高贵的亲戚》
莎士比亚故居
莎士比亚的代表作有四大悲剧:
《哈姆雷特》(英:
Hamlet)、《奥赛罗》(英:
Othello)、《李尔王》(英:
KingLear)、《麦克白》(英:
Macbeth)。
四大喜剧:
《仲夏夜之梦》、《威尼斯商人》、《第十二夜》、《皆大欢喜》(《Asyoulikeit》)。