完整word版高级法学英语13Word文档格式.docx

完整word版高级法学英语13Word文档格式.docx

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全书共十个单元。

单元课文阅读量为5000英文单词。

每单元由课文、生词、注解、练习和法律英语汉译技巧组成。

单元课文是由三篇各1500字左右的文章组成一个内容完整、主题突出的统一体，以有利于学习者贯通知识，进一步深入分析探讨。

课文内容包括普通法系与大陆法系的比较、合同与准合同、商人法与商法、欧洲统一销售法、国际环境法、公平招聘法律问题、跨国离婚法律问题、有子女的父母犯罪量刑问题、英格兰与苏格兰刑事拘留问题、美国法学教育与改革等专题。

法学英语翻译技巧包括基本翻译技巧----加注、增补、省略、转换、切分、合并，以及句子翻译技巧----名词从句的翻译、状语从句的翻译、定语从句的翻译和长句的翻译。

单元练习包括阅读理解问题、词汇练习、短文翻译和课文概要写作。

本教程设计阅读总量为50000英文单词，生词概率为2%，适合大学英语四级水平以上且有相当法学基础的学习者使用。

CONTENTS

UNITONECONTRACTLAW

SectionAUnderstandingofContract

SectionBMistakeinContract

SectionCQuasi-Contract

SectionDTranslationSkill:

Annotation

UNITTWOLITIGATINGMARITALPROPERTYANDSUPPORTRIGHTSFORINTERNATIONAL

DIVORCE

SectionAJurisdictionandProcedureinInternationalDivorceLitigation

SectionBDefiningPropertyandsupportrights

SectionCRecognizingandEnforcingMaritalPropertyandSupportOrders

Amplification

UNITTHREEAFAMILYLAWPERSPECTIVEONPARENTALINCARCERATION

SectionAFamilyLawandChildDevelopment

SectionBApproachestoConsiderationofChildren’sInterests

SectionCProposalforConsiderationofChildren’sInterestsWhenSentencingParents

Omission

UNITFOURFAIRNESSANDINEQUALITINEMPLOYMENTDISCRIMINATIONLITIGATION

SectionAHowPeopleAssessLegalFairness:

TowardanAnalysisofSituatedJustice

SectionBEmploymentCivilRights

SectionCTowardUnderstandingSituatedJustice

ShiftofPerspective

UNITFIVELAWMERCHANT

SectionAFoundationsoftheLawMerchant

SectionBTheLawinLawMerchant

SectionCTwenty-first-centuryLawMerchant

Division

UNITSIXCOMMOMEUROPEANSALESLAW

SectionATheSubstantiveScopeoftheCESL

SectionBPossibleRoutesforMemberstoReachtheAgreement

SectionCFurtherQuestionsfromtheProposalwithintheFramework

Combination

UNITSEVENANEWDAWNFORSCOTTISHCRIMINALPROCEDURE

SectionAArrest,CustodyandPolicePowers

SectionBAccesstoLegalAssistance

SectionCRequirementforCorroboration

TranslationofNounClause

UNITEIGHTINTERNATIONALLAWOFENVIROMENTALIMPACT

ASSESSMENTANDTHEESPOOCONVENTION

SectionATheObligationtoEIA

SectionBContentofanEIA

SectionCChallenginganEIA:

JudicialReview

TranslationofAdverbialClause

UNITNINETHEEFFICIENCYOFTHECOMMONLAW:

THEPUZZLEOFMIXEDLEGALFAMILIES

SectionAThehistoryofthecommonlaw

SectionBMixedJurisdictionsandMixedLegalFamilies

SectionCTHEEconomicModel

TranslationofAttributiveClause

UNITTENAMERICANLAWSCHOOLEDUCATION

SectionAHistoryofLegalEducation

SectionBLawSchoolRankings

SectionCLawSchoolEducationReform

TranslationofLongClause

AppendixKeytotheExercise

UNITONE

CONTRACTLAW

SectionA

UnderstandingofContract

1Intheeyesoflawyerstheword“contract”isusedincommonspeech,simplytorefertoawritingcontainingtermsonwhichthepartieshaveagreed.“Contract”isoftenusedinamoretechnicalsensetomeanapromise,orasetofpromises,thatthelawwillenforceoratleastrecognizeinsomeway.Britishlawdefinescontractasanagreementarisingfromofferandacceptance.Onepartymakesanoffer,andanotherpartyacceptsthatoffer.Whenthishashappened（providedthatothernecessaryfactors,namely,considerationandintentiontocontract,arepresent）thereisacontract.

2Inarguingthedefinitionofcontractsomejurisprudentsthinkneitherpromisenoragreementiscompletelysatisfactoryasabasisforthedefinition.TheyclaimthatthedefinitionoftheAmericanRestatementignoresthebargain—theexchangeofequivalentswhichistheessenceofacontract.Noindicationismadeinthedefinitionthatthetypicalcontractisatwo-sidedaffair,somethingbeingpromisedordoneononesideinreturnforsomethingbeingpromisedordoneontheotherside.Thustosaythatacontractcansimplybe“apromise”istooverlookthefactthatthereisgenerallysomeactorpromisegiveninreturnfortheotherpromisebeforethatpromisebecomesacontract.Eventosaythatacontractmayconsistof“asetofpromises”givesnoindicationthatsomeofthesepromisesareusuallygiveninreturnforsomeothers.Butitwouldbewrongtoassumethatallcontractsaregenuinebargainsinwhichsomethingisofferedononesideforsomethingelseofequivalentvalueontheother.

3Everypromiseisanagreementandeverysetofpromisesformingtheconsiderationforeachotherisalsoanagreement.Agreementimpliestwoormorepersonswhoagreeuponthesamethinginthesamesense.Itmaycreatelegalobligationoritmaynotcreatelegalobligationandinthissensenoteveryagreementcanbecomeenforceableatlaw.

4Thesescholarsalsoarguethatallthedefinitionsintermsofpromisesoragreementspresupposethatpeopleonlyenterintocontractualrelationsaftertheyhavemadesomeagreementorpromise.Infact,thisisnotalwaysthecase.Peoplesometimessimplyenterintotransactionsorrelationswhicharenotreallybasedonprioragreementsorpromises.Oneobviousexampleisthatofthesimultaneousexchange,orsale.Apersonwhobuysgoodsinasupermarketandpayscashforthemisexchanginghismoneyforthegoodsthathebuys.

5Thereisnodoubtatallthatthisisalegalcontract,butitisartificialtoregarditasacontractcreatedbyagreementorpromise.Toinsistthattheremustbeaprioragreementorasetofpromisesinsuchacaseistoimplythatthereisamomentoftime—beforethehandingoverofthegoodsandthemoney—inwhichthepartiesarelegallyboundtoperformtheiragreementorpromises.Butitseemsverydoubtfulwhetherthatisthecase.Stillitmustberecognizedthatitmightbeverywellarguedthat“incontemplationoflaw”thereisanimpliedagreementbeforetheactualexchangeofgoodsformoney.

6Promisesandagreementsundoubtedlylieclosetothecenteroftheconceptofcontract,butthereareatleasttwootherideaswhichalsolieveryclosetothatcenter.Oneisthatapersonwhoinducesanothertorelyuponhimandchangehisposition,oughtnottoletthatpersondown,andtheotheristhatapersonwhodoesaservicetoanotherorrendershimsomebenefit,oughtgenerallytoberecompensedforhistrouble.Contractualobligationsareoftenimposedforoneorotherofthesereasonsonpersonswhohavenotreallypromisedoragreedtobearthem.Inordertoreconcilethisresultwithtraditionaldefinitionsofcontract,twodevicesareoftenemployed.Oneistorelyontheconceptofan“impliedagreement”or“impliedpromise”；

theotheristoarguethattheliabilitybeingimposedisnot“truly”contractualbutisinfactalegalliabilityofadifferentkind，forinstance，aliabilityintort.

7Inpractice,peoplecangathersomeideaofwhattheword“contract”meansfromthecasesinBolinFarmsv.AmericanCottonShippersAss’n（1973）.ThatyearsawaspectacularriseinthepriceofcottonontheAmericanmarket.ThecausesweresaidtoincludelargeshipmentstoChina,highwaterandfloodconditionsinthecottonbelt,lateplantingsforcedbyheavyrains,andthedevaluationofthedollar.Intheearlymonthsoftheyear,beforeplanting,acottonfarmerwillmakea“forward”salecontractfordeliverytothebuyerofallcottontoberaisedandharvestedonaspecifiedtractatafixedpriceperpound,withoutguaranteeofquantityorquality.Thefarmercanthenusethiscontracttofinancetheraisingofhiscrop.

8Earlyin1973,cottonfarmersmadesuchcontractstosellatapriceroughlyequaltothepriceonthemarketatthattime,some30centsapound.Bythetimethecottonhadbeenraisedandwasreadyfordelivery,however,themarketpricehadrisentoabout80centsapound.Manyrefusedtoperformthe“forward”contractsthattheyhadmadeatthelowerprice,andscoresoflawsuitsresultedthroughoutthecottonbelt.Notonlywerethefarmersuniversallyunsuccessful,butthedecisionsevokedlittleattention.

9Whatpromiseswillthelawenforce?

Whatremedieswereavailabletothedisappointedcottonbuyersonthefarmers’enforceablepromises?

Thecaseshereexposethreefundamentalassumptionsmadebycourtsinenforcingpromises.Oneoftheseisthat“lawisconcernedmainlywithreliefofpromiseestoredressbreachandnotwithpunishmentofpromisorstocompelperformance.”Asecondassumptionisthatthereliefgrantedtotheaggrievedpromiseeshouldgenerallyprotectthepromisee’sexpectationbyattemptingtoputthepromiseeinthepositioninwhichitwouldhavebeenhadthepromisebeenperformed.Athirdassumptionisthattheappropriateformofreliefissubstitutional,intheformofajudgmentawardingmoneydamagestobepaidtotheaggrievedpromisee,ratherthanspecific,intheformofacourtorderdirectingthepromisortoperformitspromise.

10Aftertheabovediscussionwecometoknowthe“Contract”maybedefinedasanagreement,apromiseorasetofpromises,whichcreatelegalliabilitiesratherthanmoralobligations,enforceablebythelawbetweentwoormorepersonstodoorforebearfromdoingsomeactoracts；

theirintentionsbeingtocreatelegalrelationsandnotmerelytoexchangemutualpromises,bothhavinggivensomething,orhavingpromisedtogivesomethingofvalueasconsiderationforanybenefitderivedfromtheagreementorthepromiseexceptatransactionagreem