英语演讲概述英文版.docx

英语演讲概述英文版.docx

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英语演讲概述英文版

EnglishPublicSpeaking

Chapter1Introduction

1.Introductiontothecourse

a.32hoursofclassesincluding8hoursofpracticingandtesting（muchmoretimeneededafterclass）

b.Forexamining:

eachwillgiveapublicspeechorparticipateinadebatingcontestandasmallpieceofspeechwriting.

c.Contentsofthecourse:

1）thebasicknowledgeandtheoryaboutpublicspeakinganddebating;2）practicalstrategies;3）manykindsofpractices.

d.Teachingplanning:

16hoursonpublicspeakingincludingaspeechtest（4hs）

16hoursondebatingincludingadebatingcontest（4hs）

2.Lecture1Contents:

a.Whatispublicspeaking?

b.Thehistoryofpublicspeaking.

c.Thepowerofpublicspeaking.

d.BecomeaBetterListener

e.Whatmakesagoodspeech.

A.Whatispublicspeaking?

1.Definingtheterm.

What’sthedifferencebetweenapublicspeakingandanordinaryconversation?

a.audience;b.specialtimeandspace;c.concretetopic;d.languageandstructure.

What’sthedifferencebetweenapublicspeakingandapublicreciting?

a.unboundedbytheoriginalwrittenwords;creative

b.Orallanguage;c.one-speakerform

DefinitionofPublicSpeaking:

Thesocialactivity,thataspeakerannounceshimself,stateshisopinions,orpersuadepeopletodothings,etc,usingverbalandnonverballanguageinfrontofanaudience,inasettimeorspace.Simplytosay,publicspeakingisawayofmakingyourideaspublic—awayofsharingthemwithotherpeopleandofinfluencingotherpeople.

2.Whatdoesaspeechorapresentationconsistof?

a.thespeaker;b.theaudience;c.thecontents;

d.thelanguage（verbal/nonverbal）;e.Theenvironment.

3.Whatdoesaspeechorapresentationdo?

Inspiring,motivating,moving

B.ABriefHistoryofPublicSpeakingandSomeImportantSpeakers

1.Publicspeakinginwesternworld.

a.11th-10thBC,HomeinancientGreece,《伊利亚特》，《Odyssey》，firstbroughtabouttheideaoftheartofpublicspeakingandrecordedmanygreatspeechesmadebythefamousheroesandfightersthen.

b.5thBC,inAthens,Greece,makingpublicspeechesbecamepopularandcourtroomdebatingwerealsofrequenttosee.Manygreatspokesmenemergedduringthistime,amongwhichSocrates,Plato,Aristotle,andDemosthenes.Demostheneswasaremarkablepoliticianatthattime.Whenhewasyounghehadalotofundesirablehabitsinmakingspeeches,suchasshrugginghisshouldersallthetime,breathinghastilyandsoundingwithalowvoicelikehehadasoarthroat.Butlaterhepracticedspeakinginpublicwithgreateffortandenthusiasmandbecameanoutstandingspeaker.Actuallyhewaschosennumber1ofthetop10ancientGreekspokesmen.His61recordedspeechscriptshavebeentreasuredbytheworldsincethen.

c.Inthemiddleages,thatisfrom476ADtothe14thcentury,religionsbecametherulingtoolforthefeudalism.Religiousspeechestooktheplaceofthepoliticalandcourtroomspeeches,andmanypriestsbecomethespokesmenofthetime.ThomasAquinas,JohnManndekuni,etc.

d.14thcentury,theRevivalofLearning/Letters.Manypeoplestoodupagainstreligiouscommunities,theyspokeforthenatureofhumanbeings.HerecamesomegreatspokesmenlikeShakespeare,Dante,Galileo,etc.Atthesametime,manyhumblepeasantsbegantofightfortheirownrights,andsomegreatspeakerslikeWalterTaylorandJohnHusealsoemergedinhistory.

e.1648,theBritishCapitalisticRevolution.Duringthistime,manynewcapitalistsallovertheworldusedpublicspeakingastheirwayofreachingthroughtopeople.Robersphere,Danton.InGermany,academicspeechesarehavingtheirtime.ManyphilosopherslikeHegelandKantwereverypopularspeakers.

f.DuringthetimeoftheIndependenceWar,theUnitedStatesmarchedintothegreattimeforgreatspeeches.Amongalltheterrificspokesmen,oneofthemneedstobenotedtoyoumostly,thatisAbrahamLincoln,the16thpresidentoftheUSA.Hisspeechof“GettysburgAddress”wasreferredtoas“aholypoem”bypeoplewasareallyclassicspeechthatallofyoushouldbefamiliarwithjustlike“Ihaveadream”byMartinLutherKing.

g.Fromthe20thcenturyon:

WinstonChurchill,Roosevelt.

h.Proletarianspokesmen:

Marx,Lenin.

2.PublicspeakinginChina

a.商朝的盘庚，因为受水患和阶级矛盾的影响，将都城从奄（今山东曲阜）迁至殷（今河南安阳西北）之前，做了发动民众的三次演讲，其内容充实，言辞尖锐，论证有力，最终说服了臣民，实现了迁都的目的。

盘庚的《动员民众迁都》是我国古代保存下来的较为完整的演讲词，最早见于《尚书。

盘庚篇》

b.770-221BC诸子蜂起、百家争鸣：

孔子，墨子（提出“辩慧”是选拔人才的三大条件之一），孟子，荀子，老子，庄子，吕不韦，韩非子（有口吃的毛病，但在《说难》、《问辩》中对演讲的心理、语言运用的方法技巧等都作了较为精辟的论述）等。

c.2000多年的封建历史中：

汉代的董仲舒，西汉的贾谊司马相如，东汉的张衡，三国的诸葛亮，晋代的陶渊明，南朝的范缜唐代的玄素，韩愈，柳宗元，北宋的欧阳修，苏洵，苏轼，苏辙，王安石，南宋的朱熹，明代的王守仁，黄宗羲，唐伯虎，清代的颜元，郑板桥等。

d.1840之后，主张维新改良，或倡导民主革命的康有为，梁启超，谭嗣同和孙中山，蔡元培，秋瑾，陈天华等。

其中秋瑾是近代著名的女革命家，在904年日本留学期间，创办了“演说练习会”，出版《白话报》，她认为“演说以为一种学问”，“要开化人的知识，感动人的心思，非演说补课”，还列举了演说的五大好处，提倡用普通话演讲。

e.五四运动爆发后，演讲领域扩大，形式也多样化，各地掀起一股群众性的演讲热潮，并成立了大量的演讲社团。

1919年3月以邓中夏为首组织的“北京大学平民教育演讲团”是其中影响最大的。

这时期涌现的李大钊《庶民的精神》，陈独秀《妇女问题与社会主义》，胡适，鲁迅《读书与革命》，闻一多《最后一次的演讲》，朱自清《论气节》等一批杰出的演讲家。

f.1921年后，很多共产党的领导人也都是著名的演说家：

毛泽东《反对党八股》，周恩来，刘少奇，陈毅，邓中夏，恽代英，瞿秋白，彭湃等。

g.1949年以后，不仅仅是实践，更系统的研究演讲的艺术。

比如出版杂志《演讲与口才》、《交际与口才》等，还有一些关于演讲的著作，如邵守义《实用演讲学》，李燕杰《演讲美学》，冯远征《演讲心理学》。

国外的Carnegie“LanguageBreakthrough”.

C.ThePowerofPublicSpeaking

人之所以为人者，言也；人而不能言，何以为人？

--《春秋古梁转》

一言而可以兴邦，一言而丧邦。

--《论语、子路》

1.WilmaSubra’sexample:

Graduatedwithdegreesinchemistryandmicrobiology;workedinaresearchinstitutewheresheworkedtodoresearchonenvironmentaltoxins.Shefoundthatmanyfamilies,locatednearlargeindustrialpollutersareexposedtohigh,deadlylevelsofchemicalsandtoxins.Frustratedbythissheleftherjobin1981,createdherowncompanyanddevotedthepasttwodecadestohelpingpeoplefightbackagainstgiantindustrialpolluters.Sheworkedwithfamiliesandcommunitiestoconductenvironmentaltests,interprettestresults,andorganizeforchange.Becauseofherefforts,dozensoftoxicsitesacrossthecountryhavebeencleanedup,andonechemicalindustryspokespersoncallsher“atopgunfortheenvironmentalmovement.”

IfyouhadaskedSubrabefore1981,“Doyouseeyourselfasamajorpublicspeaker?

”shewouldhavelaughedattheidea.Yettodayshegivesmorethan100presentationsayear,notincludingradio,television,andnewspaperinterviews.AlongthewayshehaslecturedatHarvard,testifiedbeforeCongress,andaddressedaudiencesin40states,aswellasinMexico,CanadaandJapan.

PublicspeakingistheprimaryvehicleIuseforreachingpeople.Whenyouhaveanimportantmessage,it’sthebestwaytoencouragepeopleandgettheminvolved.

–WilmaSubra

2.Notonlyforgreatspeakers.

Dailysituationsthatyouarerequiredtogiveapublicspeech:

1）YouareelectedthepresidentofStudentUnion,andyouhavetogiveaninauguralspeechinfrontofthewholeunion.

2）Oneofthestudentsinyourschoolhadbeenbadlyinjuredinatrafficaccident,buthisfamilyistoopoortoaffordtheexpensiveoperationfeeinthehospital,youaregivingaspeechtomotivateeveryinyourclasstodonatesomemoneyforthisschoolmate.

3）Youaredoinginternshipatalargecompanywithsevenothertrainees.Recentlythereisanopeningjobforalower-managerofadepartment.Allthetraineesaresupposedtogiveapresentationinfrontofthehigher-rankingmanagersabouttheprojectyouhavebeendeveloping.Andwhoeverimpressestheaudiencemostwithhispresentationwillgetthejob.

4）Yourcousinisgettingmarried,asthebestmanofhis,youaresupposedtogivealittlespeechtogivewishtothenewbrideandgroomontheirweddingday.

Publicspeakingisavitalmeansofcommunication.AGreekleaderspoke2500yearsagothat“Onewhoformsajudgmentonanypointbutcannotexplainitclearlymightaswellneverhavethoughtatallonthesubject.”

TheexampleofDoctorCordiss:

InBrooklyn,NewYork,Doc.Cordisswasinvitedtoattendalargedinnerpartyheldbyafamousbaseballteam.Attheparty,thedoctorwhowasanexpertinkeepingpeoplehealthyfor30years,wasaskedtogivealittlespeechabouthowthebaseballplayersaresupposedtodotokeepfit.Aswelllearnedinthefieldashewas,doctorwasfrightenedofmakingavoiceinpublic.Atlast,heleftwithallthepeopleexpecting,andwithoutaword.LaterhesignedhimselfuptotakethetrainingcoursesforpublicspeakingheldbyCarnege,andbecameafamousspokesman.

Conclusion:

theuseofpublicspeakingforconveyingmessageandideasisappliedbypeopleinallwalksoflife.Youwillneverknowwhenyouareaskedtomakeaspeechorapresentationinfrontofpeople.Therefore,learningsomeusefulskillsandstrategiesofpublicspeakingandevenregularpracticesareverynecessarytocollegestudents.Now,moreandmorecommunitieshaverealizedtheimportanceofmasteringtheskillsofpublicspeaking,especiallyinuniversitystudents.Manydifferentspeakingcontestswouldbeagoodwaytotraininthisarea,butalso,therearemorewaystodoit.

PartIToBecomeaCriticalListener

1.ListeningisImportant

Listeninghasbeencalled“alostart”becausemostpeopleareshockinglypoorlisteners.Wefakepayingattention.Wecanhear“sounds”insteadoflisteningto“ideas”.Hearingisaphysiologicalprocess,involvingthevibrationofsoundwavesonoureardrumsandthefiringofelectrochemicalimpulsesfromtheinnereartothecentralauditorysystemofthebrain.Butlisteninginvolvespayingcloseattentionto,andmakingsensesof,whatwehear.

Fourlevelsoflistening:

a.Appreciativelistening:

listeningforpleasureorenjoyment,aswhenwelistentomusic,toacomedyroutine,ortoanentertainingspeech.

b.Empathiclistening:

listeningtoprovideemotionalsupportforthespeaker,aswhenapsychiatristlistenstoapatientorwhenwelendasympatheticear