最新TPO45阅读文本答案翻译资料.docx

最新TPO45阅读文本答案翻译资料.docx

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最新TPO45阅读文本答案翻译资料

TPO-45

MicroscopesTheBeringiaLandscape

Duringthepeakofthelasticeage,northeastAsia（Siberia）andAlaskawereconnectedbyabroadlandmasscalledtheBeringLandBridge.ThislandbridgeexistedbecausesomuchofEarth’swaterwasfrozeninthegreaticesheetsthatsealevelswereover100meterslowerthantheyaretoday.Between25,000and10,000yearsago,Siberia,theBeringLandBndge,andAlaskasharedmanyenvironmentalcharacteristics.Theseincludedacommonmammalianfaunaoflargemammals,acommonfloracomposedofbroadgrasslandsaswellaswind-sweptdunesandtundra,andacommonclimatewithcold,drywintersandsomewhatwarmersummers.TherecognitionthatmanyaspectsofthemodemfloraandfaunawerepresentonbothsidesoftheBeringSeaasremnantsoftheice-agelandscapeledtothisregionbeingnamedBeringia.

ItisthroughBeringiathatsmallgroupsoflargemammalhunters,slowlyexpandingtheirhuntingterritories,eventuallycolonizedNorthandSouthAmerica.Onthisarchaeologistsgenerallyagree,butthatiswheretheagreementstops.OnebroadareaofdisagreementinexplainingthepeoplingoftheAmericasisthedomainofpaleoecologists,butitiscriticaltounderstandinghumanhistory:

whatwasBeringialike?

TheBeringianlandscapewasverydifferentfromwhatitistoday.■Broad,windsweptvalleys;glaciatedmountains;sparsevegetation;andlessmoisturecreatedaratherforbiddinglandmass.■Thislandmasssupportedherdsofnow-extinctspeciesofmammoth,bison,andhorseandsomewhatmodernversionsofcaribou,muskox,elk,andsaigaantelope.■Thesegrazerssupportedinturnanumberofimpressivecarnivores,includingthegiantshort-facedbear,thesaber-toothcat,andalargespeciesoflion.■

ThepresenceofmammalspeciesthatrequiregrasslandvegetationhasledArcticbiologistDaleGuthrietoarguethatwhilecoldanddry,theremusthavebeenbroadareasofdensevegetationtosupportherdsofmammoth,horse,andbison.Further,nearlyalloftheice-agefaunahadteeththatindicateanadaptationtograssesandsedges;theycouldnothavebeensupportedbyamodernfloraofmossesandlichens.Guthriehasalsodemonstratedthatthelandscapemusthavebeensubjecttointenseandcontinuouswinds,especiallyinwinter.Hemakesthisargumentbasedontheanatomyofhorseandbison,whichdonothavetheabilitytosearchforfoodthroughdeepsnowcover.Theyneedlandscapeswithstrongwindsthatremovethewintersnows,exposingthedrygrassesbeneath.Guthrieappliedtheterm“mammothsteppe"tocharacterizethislandscape.

Incontrast,PaulColinvauxhasofferedacounterargumentbasedontheanalysisofpolleninlakesedimentsdatingtothelasticeage.HefoundthattheamountofpollenrecoveredinthesesedimentsissolowthattheBeringianlandscapeduringthepeakofthelastglaciationwasmorelikelytohavebeenwhathetermeda"polardesert,"withlittleoronlysparsevegetation,innowaywasitpossiblethatthisregioncouldhavesupportedlargeherdsofmammalsandthus,humanhunters.Guthriehasarguedagainstthisviewbypointingoutthatradiocarbonanalysisofmammoth,horse,andbisonbonesfromBeringiandepositsrevealedthatthebonesdatetotheperiodofmostintenseglaciation.

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Theargumentseemedtobeatastandstilluntilanumberofrecentstudiesresultedinaspectacularsuiteofnewfinds.Thefirstwasthediscoveryofa1,000-square-kilometerpreservedpatchofBeringianvegetationdatingtojustover17,000yearsago—thepeakofthelasticeageTheplantswerepreservedunderathickashfallfromavolcaniceruption.Investigationsoftheplantsfoundgrasses,sedges,mosses,andmanyothervarietiesinanearlycontinuouscover,aswaspredictedbyGuthrie.Butthisvegetationhadathinrootmatwithnosoilformation,demonstratingthattherewaslittlelong-termstabilityinplantcover,afindingsupportingsomeoftheargumentsofColinvaux.Amixtureofcontinuousbutthinvegetationsupportingherdsoflargemammalsisonethatseemsplausibleandrealisticwiththeavailabledata.

1.Theword"remnants"inthepassageisclosestinmeaning

Oremains

Oevidence

Oresults

Oreminders

2.Theword"domain"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

Ofieldofexpertise

Ochallenge

Ointerest

Oresponsibility

3.Accordingtoparagraph3,allofthefollowingaretrueoftheBeringianlandscapeEXCEPT.

OTherewaslittlevegetation.

OThemammalspeciesthereallsurvivedintomodernversions.

OTheclimatewasdrierthanitistoday.

OThereweremountainswithglaciers.

4.Thepurposeofparagraph3isto

Ocontrasttoday’sBeringianlandscapewithotherlandscapesintheAmericancontinent

OdescribetheBeringianlandscapeduringthelasticeage

OexplainwhysomanyBeringianspeciesbecameextinctduringthelasticeage

OsummarizetheinformationaboutBeringiathathistoriansagreeon

5.Theword"continuous”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

Ounpredictable

Overycold

Odangerous

Ouninterrupted

Youenjoytheconvenienceofhavingallvocabularyquestionslistedasaseparatepartin《新托福TPO阅读词汇速查速记》.

6.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?

Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.

OAccordingtobiologistDaleGuthrie,mammalspeciesrequirebroadareasofvegetationtosurvive.

ODaleGuthrieisanArcticbiologistwhoarguedthatbroadareasofdensevegetationweresurelyenoughtoattractmammalssuchasmammoth,horse,andbisontoBeringia.

ODaleGuthriearguedthatBeringia,thoughcoldanddry,musthavehadenoughdensevegetationtosupporttheherdsofmammoth,horse,andbisonthatlivedthere.

OAslongasBeringiawascoldanddry,arguedDaleGuthrie,densevegetationgrewinordertosupporttheherdsofmammoth,horse,andbison—themammalspeciespresentthere.

7.Accordingtoparagraph4，Guthriebelievesthattheteethofice-agefaunasupportwhichofthefollowingconclusions?

OLargemammalswouldnothavebeenabletosurviveintheBeringianlandscape.

OGrasslandswerepartoftheBeringianlandscape.

OStrongwindsexposeddrygrassesunderthesnow.

OHorsesandbisondidnothavetheabilitytosearchforfoodthroughdeepsnowcover..

8.Accordingtoparagraph4，whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueoftherelationshipbetweenice-ageBenngiananimalsandtheirenvironment?

OWhenpresentinsufficientquantities,lichensandmossesprovideenoughnutrientstosatisfytheneedsofherdsoflargemammals.

OTheanatomyofcertainanimalspresentinthatenvironmentprovidesinformationabouttheintensityofwindsthereatthattime.

OThestructureoftheteethofmostice-agefaunaindicatesthattheypreyedonanimalssuchasthemammoth,horse,andbison.

OHorsesandbisonarelargeenoughthattheirfeetcaneasilypenetratedeepsnowanduncoverareaswheretheycanfeedonplantmaterial.

9.Inparagraph5,theamountofpolleninBeringianlakesedimentsfromthelasticeageisusedtoexplain

Ohowlongtheiceagelasted

Ohowimportantpollenisasasourceoffood

Ohowmanydifferentkindsofplantsproducepollen

Ohowlittlevegetationmusthavebeenpresentatthattime

10.Accordingtoparagraph5,howdidDaleGuthrieusetheinformationaboutradiocarbonanalysisofbonesfromBenngiandeposits?

OTosuggestthatColinvauxshouldhaveuseddifferentmethodstomeasuretheamountofpolleninice-agelakesediments

OToarguethatthelargeBeringianmammalsmusthaveeatenplantsthatproducelittle,ifany,pollen

OToshowthattheconclusionsthatColinvauxdrewfromtheanalysisofpolleninice-agelakesedimentscannotbecorrect

OToexplainwhyso-calledpolardesertsareincapableofsupportingsuchlargeanimalsasmammoth,horse,andbison

11.Theword"plausible"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

Opreferable

Opractical

Oreasonable

Oadvantageous

12.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheorganizationofparagraph6?

OTwocontrastingviewsarepresented,andastudythatcoulddecidebetweenthemisproposed

OAnargumentisoffered,andreasonsbothforandagainsttheargumentarepresented

OAclaimismade,andastudysupportingtheclaimisdescribed

ONewinformationispresented,andtheinformationisusedtoshowthattwocompetingexplanationscaneachbeseenascorrectinsomeway.

13.Lookatthefoursquares[■]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.

Nevertheless,largeanimalsmanagedtosurviveinBeringia.

Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?

Clickonasquare[■]toaddthesentencetothepassage.

14.Directions:

Anintroductorysentenceforabriefsummaryofthepassageisprovidedbelow.CompletethesummarybyselectingtheTHREEanswerchoicesthatexpressthemostimportantideasinthepassage.Somesentencesdonotbelonginthesummarybecausetheyexpressideasthatarenotpresentedinthepassageorareminorideasinthepassage.Thisquestionisworth2points.

Duringthelasticeage,humanhunterspursuedlargemammalsacrossBeringia,alandwhoseclimaticcharacteristicshavebeenindispute.

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AnswerChoices

OStrongevidenceindicatesthatlargemammalslikemammothandbisonsurvivedintheharshice-ageBeringianlandscape.

OCarnivoressuchasthesaber-toothcatwereprimarilyresponsibleforthedisappearanceofthelargestofthegrazinganimals,buttheharshwinterscausedsomegrazerstodieofstarvation.

OThediscoverythatgrasses,sedges,andmossessurvivedunderthethickashfr