写作考试 Summary Writing.docx

写作考试 Summary Writing.docx

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写作考试SummaryWriting

SUMMARYWRITING

⏹Definitionandcharacteristics

⏹Stepsinwritingasummary

⏹Howtowriteasummary

⏹WritingPractice

1.WhatIsSummary?

⏹Asummaryisashortenedpassage,whichretainstheessentialinformationoftheoriginal.Itisafairlybriefrestatement---inyourownwords---ofthecontentsofapassage.

⏹Note:

Yousimplyreportbackwhatthewriterhassaid,withoutmakingvaluejudgments.

2.Characteristicsofagoodsummary

⏹Briefness

Omitunnecessarydetailslikeexamples,explanationsandotherunimportantinformation.（length:

1/4-1/3oforiginaltext）

⏹Completeness

toincludeallthemainandsupportingpointsdeliveredinyourownwordsinacondensedmanner

⏹Coherence

ratherthananoutlinelistedaskeywordsandphrase,asummaryisaparagraphwithnecessarytransitionsandfunctionstructurestomakeitflow.

⏹Objectivity

tocontainonlytheideasorinformationoftheoriginal.Donotincludeyourownideasoremotionsonthetopic.

SomeUsefulExpressionsofTransition

Ononehand,…….Ontheotherhand,……

Onereasonis……Anotherreasonis……Stillanotherreasonis……Thefinalreasonis……

Tobeginwith,……What’smore,……Inaddition,……Finally,……

Inshort,

Fromwhatismentionedabove,wecancometotheconclusionthat….

3.StepsinWritingaSummary

⏹Readthearticle

1）.Dividethearticleintosectionsofideas.Eachsectiondealswithoneaspectofthecentraltheme.

2）.Label（classify）eachsectionwithageneralphrasethatcapturesthesubjectmatterofthesection.

3）.Highlightorunderlinethemainideaandkeypoints

Topic:

_________

Outlines:

1.________a…..b…..c.….

2.________3.________

⏹Beginwithapropercitationofthetitle,author,source,dateofpublicationandthemainideaofthearticlesummarized.

⏹Writeaccordingtoyouroutlines.

⏹Usetransitionsforasmoothandlogicalflowofideas.

⏹Compresssupportingdetails

1）.Omitthedetails

2）.Reducetheexamples

3）.Simplifythedescriptions

4）.Eliminateallrepetitions

5）.Compresswordysentencesandchangeclausesorsentencestophrasesandphrasestowords.

6）.Usegeneralwordsinsteadofspecificwords

7）.Usetheshortestpossibletransitions

8）.Avoidfigurative（比喻的）language

9）.Putthemainpointsofadialogueinindirectspeech

BeginningaSummary

⏹Beginyoursummarywith

1.Theauthor’sname

2.Thearticle’sorchapter’sname

3.Theauthor’sthesisstatement--ageneraloverview（survey概述）ofthearticle

TheOpeningSentence:

e.g. Inthefeature（特写；专题）article"FourKindsofReading,"theauthor,DonaldHall,explainshisopinionaboutdifferenttypesofreading.

TheBody：

Firstofall,theauthordescribes…………

Hethenpointsoutthat……

Inaddition,theauthortalksabout…..

Finally,theauthorsuggests…………….

Someotherintroductoryphrases

1.（Theauthor）statesin（thisarticle）that...

2.（Theauthor,in（thisarticle）showsthat...

3.In（thisarticle）,（theauthor）writesthat...

4.As（theauthor）saysin（thisarticle）,...

5.Themainideaof（theauthor'sarticle）is

6.Theauthorbelieves（holds;maintains;claims;argues;pointsout;suggests;proposes）that+clause

7.Theauthortalksabout（explains;describes;reveals;discusses;focuseson）+n.

写作提示Howtousetransitionalwordsorphrasescorrectly

Inordertoorganizeagoodparagraphorcomposition,youshouldlearntousetransitions（转换词）properly.Whenarunnerinarelayracepasseshiswand（接力棒）toanotherteammember,histeamkeepsmovingahead.Whenawriterusestransitions,hekeepshisideasmovingahead.

Transitionsarewordsorphrasesthatjoinoneideatoanother.Theyaddcoherence（连贯性）towritingbyjoiningideastogether.Youcanwritegoodparagraphsbyusingtransitionscorrectly.

Transitionsplacedinsentenceswithinaparagraphmakeiteasierforareadertofollowthemovementofanideafromonesentencetothenext.

1.次序：

Firstandforemost,First,Firstly,Second,Secondly,third,thirdly,

then=next=afterthat=afterwards.

例:

Thenyoucometoatrafficlightandturnright.

2.强调：

Certainly=Surely=really=truly=indeed,aboveall=mostimportant

Asamatteroffact=inreality=totellthetruth.

例:

Aboveall,donotbuildanopenfireinaforest.

Indeedadessertisalwaysenjoyable.

Iamgoingtheretomorrow,asamatteroffact.

3.说明：

Forexample,forinstance,such,so=thus=inthis/thatway=likethis,

infact=intruth=really

例:

Thusthetripfinallybegan.

SuchanearthquakehappenedlastyearinChina.

Soitwasthathehadhisfirstsightofsnow.

Foreightyearsshewasinfactspyingfortheenemy.

4.对照：

whereas=butincontrast=while,Onthecontrary,insteadof,ontheotherhand.

instead=asanalternative

例:

Thehusbandwantedaboy,whereasthewifewantedagirl.

We’venocoffee.Wouldyouliketeainstead?

Let’splaycardsinsteadofwatchingTV.

5.比较：

like,unlike,as…as,Similarly,Equallyimportant,Inthesameway,

Atthesametime=Meanwhile,Comparedwith…

例:

Equallyimportantthecardrivesthirtymilesonagallonofgas.

Iwenttocollege.Meanwhile,allmyfriendsgotwell-paidjobs.

6.并列/补充：

Besides,Furthermore,Moreover,also,Ontopof…=Inaddition=Additionally,

too,aswell,Whatismore,both…and,notonly…butalso.

例:

Ididnotlikethehouse;moreover,itwastoohigh-priced.

7.转折（makeastatementlessgeneralorextreme）：

Asamatteroffact,However=though,Nevertheless（fml）=inspiteofthis=still,Unfortunately,Conversely,Yet,but.

例:

Wehope,though,thatshecouldchangehermind.

Yettherewasstillachancethathewouldwin.

8.让步：

although=though,afterall,Nevertheless（fml）=inspiteofthis=still

例:

Afterall,youlearntocookmanyfoodsinthisjob.

Thoughveryintelligent,sheisneverthelessrathermodest.

Still,awintervacationcanbepleasant/fun.

9.结果/后果：

Hence=forthisreason,asaresult=Therefore=Forthatreason=Consequently,Thus=Asaresultofthis=Accordingly,so…that,otherwise,then=inthatcase=therefore

例:

Consequently,weopenedanaccountatthebank.

Nothingmorewasheardfromhimsothatwebegantowonderifhewasdead.

10.目的：

to,inorderto（fml）=soasto,sothat=inorderthat

例︰Heleftearlyinorderthatheshould/would/mightarriveontime.

Sheworkshardsothatherhusbandsuspectsnothing.

11.结论/总结:

Asyoucansee,AsIhavesaid,Obviously,Apparently,Tosum/endup,

Toconclude,Inbrief/short/summary/conclusion/aword,Byandlarge=Allinall

例:

Insummary,recreationisbigbusiness.

Byandlarge,thecompany’sbeenprettygoodtome.

PassageOne

Thereareagreatmanycareersinwhichtheincreasingemphasisisonspecialization.Youfindthesecareersinengineering,inproduction,instatisticalwork,andinteaching.Butthereisanincreasingdemandforpeoplewhoareabletotakeinagreatareaataglance,peoplewhoperhapsdonotknowtoomuchaboutanyonefield.Thereis,inotherwords,ademandforpeoplewhoarecapableofseeingtheforestratherthanthetrees,ofmakinggeneraljudgments.Wecancallthesepeople“generalists”.Andthese“generalists”areparticularlyneededforpositionsinadministration,whereitistheirjobtoseethatotherpeopledothework,wheretheyhavetoplanforotherpeople,toorganizeotherpeople’swork,tobeginitandjudgeit.Thespecialistunderstandsonefield;hiseducationalbackgroundisproperlytechnicalorprofessional.Thegeneralist―-andespeciallytheadministrator—-dealswithpeople;hisconcerniswithleadership,withplanning,andwithdirectiongiving.Heisan“educated”man;andhumanitiesarehisstrongestfoundation.Veryrarelyisaspecialistcapableofbeinganadministrator.Andveryrarelyisagoodgeneralistalsoagoodspecialistinaparticularfield.Anyorganizationneedsbothkindsofpeople,thoughdifferentorganizationsneedthemindifferentproportions.Itisyourtasktofindout,duringyourtrainingperiod,intowhichofthetwokindsofjobsyoufit,andtoplanyourcareeraccordingly.

Yourfirstjobmayturnouttobetherightjobforyou――butthisispureaccident.Certainlyyoushouldnotchangejobsconstantlyorpeoplewillbecomesuspiciousofyourabilitytoholdanyjob.Atthesametimeyoumustnotlookuponthefirstjobasthefinaljob;itisprimarilyatrainingjob,anopportunitytounderstandyour-selfandyourfitnessforbeinganemployee.

1.Thereisanincreasingdemandfor______.

A.all-roundpeopleintheirownfield

B.peoplewhosejobistoorganizeotherpeople’swork

C.generalistswhoseeducationalbackgroundiseithertechnicalorprofessional

D.specialistswhosechiefconcernistoprovideadministrativeguidancetoothers

2.Thespecialistis________.

A.amanwhosejobistotrainotherpeople

B.amanwhohasbeentrainedinmorethanonefield

C.amanwhocanseetheforestratherthanthetrees

D.amanwhoseconcernismainlywithtechnicalorprofessionalmatters

3.Theadministratoris_______.

A.a“trained”manwhoismoreaspecialistthanageneralist

B.amanwhoseesthetreesaswellastheforest

C.amanwhoisverystronginthehumanities

D.amanwhoisan“educated”specialist

4.Duringyourtrainingperiod,itisimportant______.

A.totrytobeageneralist

B.tochooseaprofitablejob

C.tofindanorganizationwhichfitsyou

D.todecidewhetheryouarefittobeaspecialistorageneralist

5.Aman’sfirstjob__________.

A.isnevertherightjobforhim

B.shouldnotberegardedashisfinaljob

C.shouldnotbechangedorpeoplewillbecomesuspiciousofhisabilitytoholdanyjob

D.isprimarilyanopportunitytofithimselfforhisfinaljobBDCDB

PassageTwo

Successfulinternationalmarketingdo