职称英语理工A新增文章整理含答案及翻译.docx
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职称英语理工A新增文章整理含答案及翻译
阅读理解
+第四+五篇SmallButWise
OnDecember14,NASA1blastedasmallbutmightytelescopeintospace.Thetelescopeis
calledWISEandisaboutaswidearoundasatrashcan.Don'tletitssmallsizefoolyou:
WISEhas
apowerfuldigitalcamera,anditwillbetakingpicturesofsomethewildestobjects2intheknown
universe,includingasteroids,faintstars,blazinggalaxies3andgiantcloudsofdustwhereplanets
andstarsareborn.
"I'mveryexcitedbecausewe'regoingtobeseeingpartsoftheuniversethatwehaven'tseen
before,"saidNedWright,ascientistwhodirectstheWISEproject.
Sincearrivinginspace,theWISEtelescopehasbeencirclingtheEarth,heldbygravityina
polarorbit4(thismeansitcrossesclosetothenorthandsouthpoleswitheachlap5).Itscamerais
pointedoutward,awayfromtheEarth,andWISEwillsnapapictureofadifferentpartofthesky
every11minutes.Aftersixmonthsitwillhavetakenpicturesacrosstheentiresky.
ThepicturestakenbyWISEwon'tbelikeeverydaydigitalphotographs,however.WISE
standsfor"Wide-fieldInfraredSurveyExplorer."Asitsnamesuggests,theWISEcameratakes
picturesoffeaturesthatgiveoffinfraredradiation6.
Radiationisenergythattravelsasawave.Visiblelight,includingthefamiliarspectrumof
light7thatbecomesvisibleinarainbow,isanexampleofradiation.Whenanordinarydigital
cameratakesapictureofatree,forexample,itreceivesthewavesofvisiblelightthatarereflectedoffthetree.Whenthesewavesenterthecamerathroughthelens,they'reprocessedbythecamera,whichthenputstheimagetogether.
Wavesofinfraredradiationarelongerthanwavesofvisiblelight,soordinarydigitalcameras
don'tseethem,andneitherdotheeyesofhumanbeings.Althoughinvisibletotheeye,longer
infraredradiationcanbedetectedaswarmthbytheskin.
That'sakeyideatowhyWISEwillbeabletoseethingsothertelescopescan't.Not
everythingintheuniverseshowsupinvisiblelight.Asteroids,forexample,aregiantrocksthat
floatthroughspace一buttheyabsorbmostofthelightthatreachesthem.Theydon'treflectlight,sothey'redifficulttosee.Buttheydogiveoffinfraredradiation,soaninfraredtelescopelikeWISEwillbeabletoproduceimagesofthem.DuringitsmissionWISEwilltakepicturesof
hundredsofthousandsofasteroids.
Browndwarfs8areanotherkindofdeep-spaceobjectthatwillshowupinWISE'spictures.
Theseobjectsare"failed"stars一whichmeanstheyarenotmassiveenoughtojumpstart9the
samekindofreactionsthatpowerstarssuchasthesun.Instead,browndwarfssimplyshrinkand
cooldown.They'resodimthatthey'realmostimpossibletoseewithvisiblelight,butinthe
infraredspectrumtheyglow.
词汇:
trashcan/'træʃ,kæn/n.垃圾箱
infrared/'infrə'red/adj.红外线
asteroid/'æstərɔid/n.小行星
dwarf/dwɔ:
f/n.矮星
注释:
1.NASA(美国国家航空航天局)是缩写词,全称是NationalAeronauticsandSpace
Administration
2.thewildestobjects:
任何你能想象得到的天体。
wild有“未被人驯养的”“荒唐的”“离奇的”意思。
3.faintstars,blazinggalaxies:
指的是那些只能看到微弱的光和因燃烧而无法观察到的天体。
4.polarorbit:
极地轨道。
指轨道平面与赤道面夹角为90。
的人造地球卫星轨道。
人造卫星运行时能到达南北极区上空,即卫星能飞经全球范围的上空。
需要在全球范围内进行观测和应用的气象卫星、导航卫星、地球资源卫星等都采用这种轨道。
5.lap:
一圈。
原指竞赛场的一圈或游泳池的一个来回,如:
Sheovertooktheotherrunnersonthelastlap.她最后一圈超过了其他参赛者。
6.infraredradiation:
红外线辐射
7.spectrumoflight:
光谱,即,光辐射的波长分布区域。
8.Browndwarfs:
褐矮星。
褐矮星非常暗淡,很难发现它们,要确定它们的大小就更加困难。
9.jumpstart:
启动
练习:
1.WhatissospecialaboutWISE?
AItissmallinsizebutcarriesalargecamera.
BItisassmallasatrashcan.
CItsdigitalcameracanhelpastronomerstoseetheunknownspace.
DNeverbeforehasatelescopecarriedadigitalcamerainspace.
2.WhichisNOTthesynonymfortheword"snap"inthethirdparagraph?
Amake.
Bshoot.
Ctake
Dphotograph.
3.ThecameraonWISE
Aisnodifferentfromanordinarycamera.
Bdoesnotseeinfraredradiationwhiletheordinarycameradoes.
Ccatchestheinfraredradiationwhiletheordinarycameradoesnot.
Dreflectslightthathumaneyescansee.
4.WhichofthefollowingisNOTcorrectabout"asteroids"accordingtoparagraph7?
AAsteroidsfloatthroughspacegivingoffvisiblelight.
BAsteroidsdonotreflectlightthatreachesthem.
CItisdifficulttotakeasteroids'picturesbyordinarycameras,
DTheWISEtelescopecantakepicturesofasteroids
5.Whatisimpliedinthelastparagraph?
ABrowndwarfsgiveoffvisiblelight.
BBrowndwarfsgiveoffinfraredradiation.
CBrowndwarfsarepowerstarslikethesun.
DBrowndwarfsareimpossibletoseewiththeWISEtelescope.
+第四十六篇
AntsHaveBigImpactonEnvironmentas"EcosystemEngineers"
ResearchbytheUniversityofExeter1hasrevealedthatantshaveabigimpactontheirlocalenvironmentasaresultoftheiractivityas"ecosystemengineers"andpredators.Thestudy,publishedintheJournalofAnimalEcology,foundthatantshavetwodistincteffectsontheirlocalenvironment.
Firstly,throughmovingofsoilbynestbuilding2activityandbycollectingfoodtheyaffectthelevelofnutrientsinthesoil.Thiscanindirectlyimpactthelocalpopulationsofmanyanimalgroups,fromdecomposerstospeciesmuchhigherupthefoodchain.
Secondly,theypreyonawiderangeofotheranimals,includinglargerpreywhichcanbeattackedbyvastnumbersofantworkers.
DirkSanders,anauthorofthestudyfromtheuniversity'sCentreforEcologyandConservation,said:
"Antsareveryeffectivepredatorswhichthriveinhugenumbers.They'realsoveryterritorial3andveryaggressive,defendingtheirresourcesandterritoryagainstotherpredators.Allofthismeanstheyhaveastronginfluenceontheirsurroundingarea."
"Inthisresearch,westudiedforthefirsttimehowbigthisimpactisandthesubtletiesofit.Whatwefoundisthatdespitebeingpredators,theirpresencecanalsoleadtoanincreaseindensityanddiversityofotheranimalgroups4.Theygenuinelyplayakeyroleinthelocalenvironment,havingabiginfluenceonthegrasslandfoodweb,"Sanderssaid.
Thestudy,carriedoutinGermany,studiedtheimpactofthepresenceofdifferentcombinationsanddensitiesofblackgardenantsandcommonredants,bothspecieswhichcanbefoundacrossEurope,includingintheUK.Itfoundthatalowdensityofantsinanareaincreasedthediversityanddensityofotheranimalsinthelocalarea,particularlythedensityofherbivoresanddecomposers.Athigherdensitiesantshadnoortheoppositeeffect,showingthatpredationiscounteractingthepositiveinfluence.
DrFrankvanVeen,anotherauthoronthestudy,said:
"Whatwefindisthattheimpactofantsonsoilnutrientlevelshasapositiveeffectonanimalgroupsatlowlevels,butasthenumberofantsincreases,theirpredatoryimpactshavethebiggereffect—therebycounteractingthepositiveinfluenceviaecosystemengineering."
Antsareimportantcomponentsofecosystemsnotonlybecausetheyconstituteagreatpartoftheanimalbiomass5butalsobecausetheyactasecosystemengineers.Antbiodiversity6isincrediblyhighandtheseorganismsarehighlyresponsivetohumanimpact,whichobviouslyreducesitsrichness.However,itisnotclearhowsuchdisturbancedamagesthemaintenanceofantservicestotheecosystem.Antsareimportantinbelowgroundprocesses8throughthealterationofthephysicalandchemicalenvironmentandthroughtheireffectsonplants,microorganisms,andothersoilorganisms.
词汇:
predator/'predətə/n.食肉动物
nutrient/'nju:
triənt/n.营养物;adj.营养的
decomposer/,di:
kəm'pəuzə/n.腐生物;分解体
prey/prei/v.捕食;n.被捕食的动物
subtlety/'sʌtlti/n,微妙,精妙
herbivore/'hʒ:
bivɔ:
/n.食草动物
注释:
1.theUniversityofExeter:
埃克斯特大学。
1851年建校,位于英国西南部重要商业中心埃克斯特市,是英国著名的传统大学之一。
2.nestbuilding:
筑巢
3.territorial:
领地的。
在此用来形容蚂蚁的本性,即具有很强的领地意识,并且会竭尽全力保卫自己的领地。
4.anincreaseindensityanddiversityofotheranimalgroups:
其他动物群体在数量和品种上的增长。
5.biomass:
物质名词,由bio和mass两部分组成,意为“生物量”“生物质”。
6.biodiversity:
物质名词,由bio和diversity两部分组成,意为“生物多样性”。
7.themaintenanceofantservicestotheecosystem:
蚂蚁对生态系统的维护作用。
8.belowgroundprocesses:
土壤下面的(工作)过程,即影响生态环境的过程。
练习:
1.Whyareantscomparedtoecosystemengineers?
ABecausetheybuildtheirownnests.
BBecausetheycollectfood.
CBecausetheiractivityaffectstheenvironment.
DBecausetheyarepredators.
2.Aspredators,ants
Apreyonsmallaswellaslargeanimals.
Bcollectnutritiousfoodfromthesoil
Ccollectfoodasdecomposers.
Dpreyonspeciesmuchhigherupthefoodchain.
3.DirSanders'studycenteredonhowants
Acanmanagetothriveinhugenumbers.
Bdefendtheirresourcesandterritoryagainstotherpredators.
Cattackthoseinvadinganimalsforsurvival.
Dproducesuchabigimpactontheenvironment.
4.Whatdoesparagraph6tellus?
AAntsbringaboutanegativeinfluencetoanareawhentheirpopulationissmall.
BAntsbringaboutapositiveinfluencetoanareawhentheirpopulationissmall.
CAnts'predationcounteractsthepositiveinfluencetheymayhaveonanarea.
DAthigherdensity,antsproduceapositiveinfluenceonanarea.
5.Whatstillremainsunclearaboutants,accordingtothelastparagraph?
AWhatrolesdoantsplayintheecosysteminwhichtheylive?
BHowdoantsaffecttheanimaldiversityinagivenecosystem?
CHowdohumanactivitiesaffectants'influenceonagivenecosystem?
DHowdoantsalterthephysicalandchemicalenvironment?
完形填空
+第十三篇SolarPowerwithoutSolarCells
AdramaticandsurprisingmagneticeffectoflightdiscoveredbyUniversityofMichigan1researcherscouldleadtosolarpowerwithouttraditionalsemiconductor-basedsolarcells.
Theresearchersfoundawaytomakean"optical1,"saidStephenRand,aprofessorinthedepartmentsofElectricalEngineeringandComputerScience,Physicsand