跨文化交际期末复习资料.docx

跨文化交际期末复习资料.docx

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跨文化交际期末复习资料

ComponentsoflargeCCulture:

Socialinstitutionsandorganizations.

Languageandothercommunicationsystems.

Customs,habitsandbehavioralpatterns.

Valuesystems,worldviews,nationaltraits,aestheticstandards,thinkingpatterns.

Knowledgeaboutnatureandmanhimselfandartisticdevelopment.

CultureOnion

DutchscholarFonsTrompenaars（1998）describescultureinthreelayers:

a）Theouterlayer:

theexplicitcultureproducts,whichrefertotheobservablethingslikelanguage,food,buildings,house,monuments,agriculture,markets,fashionandart,whicharethesymbolsofadeeperlevelofculture.

b）Themiddlelayer:

normsandvalues,reflectedbytheexplicitfactors

c）Thecore:

assumptionsaboutculture.Fromthefundamentalrelationshipwiththenature,mankindlikesthecore:

meaningoflife.Thus,inthissense"cultureisanythingbutnature."

CharacteristicsofCulture

1.Cultureistransmissible

2.Cultureisshared.Membersofacultureshareasetofideas,values,andstandardsofbehaviors,andthissetiswhatgivesmeaningtotheirlives,andwhatbondsthemtogetherasaculture.

3.Cultureismostlylearnedunconsciously/acquired.

Cultureislearned,notinherited（遗传的）.Itderivesfromone’ssocialenvironment,notfromone’sgenes.

4.Cultureissymbolic.

5.Cultureisintegrated.Tokeeptheculturefunctioning,allaspectsoftheculturemustbeintegrated.

6.Cultureisdynamic.Cultureissubjecttochange.It’sdynamicratherthanstatic（静态的）,constantlychangingandevolvingundertheimpactofeventsandthroughcontactwithothercultures.Itchangesthroughthreemostcommonmechanisms:

innovation（创新）,diffusion（传播）andacculturation（文化适应）.

7.Cultureisethnocentric（民族中心主义的）.

8.Cultureistheguidingprinciplesforactions.

Keyterms

  Enculturation（社会文化适应）：

Enculturationisthesocializationprocessyougothroughtoadapttoyoursociety.（社会文化适应指人们学习适应自己所在社会的文化的社会化过程）。

Acculturation（文化适应）：

Acculturation,orculturaladaptation,referstoanindividual’slearningandadaptingtothenormsandvaluesofthenewhostculture.（文化适应指人们学习和适应新文化的社会规范和价值观念的过程）。

Separationandsegregation（分离和隔离）：

themaintainingone’soriginalcultureandnotparticipatinginthenewculture.（指在文化适应过程中保留了原有文化，完全没有接受和习得新文化）。

Integration（文化整合）:

Ittakesplacewhenindividualsbecomeanintegralpartofthenewculturewhilemaintainingtheircultureintegrity.（文化整合指人们在文化适应过程中成为新文化中的一部分，同时又保留了自己文化的完整性）。

Assimilation（文化同化）：

Itisthedegreetowhichanindividualrelinguishesanoriginalcultureforanother.Whenindividualsareassimilatedintothemainstreamculture,theylosetheirpreviousculture.（文化同化指人们放弃原有文化接受新文化的程度。

一旦被主流文化同化，人们就失去了原有的文化）。

Marginalization（边缘化）：

Marginalizationordeculturationreferstolosingone’sculturalidentityandnothavinganypsychologicalcontactwiththelargersociety.（边缘化指人们不仅失去自己原有的文化身份，而且与广大社会失去了心理联系）。

Cultureshock（文化冲击，文化休克）Itreferstothetraumaticexperiencethatanindividualmayencounterwhenenteringadifferentculture.（文化冲击指人们在进入一种新文化环境中遭遇的痛苦和难忘的经历）。

Keyterms

Interculturalcompetences：

refertotheabilitytounderstandandadaptthetargetculture;inanotherword,itreferstothesensitivitytoculturaldiversity,i.e.theabilitytobehaveinanappropriatewayandtoadapttoone’scommunicationandinteractionaccordingtothecontext.（跨文化能力指的是理解和适应目标文化的能力，换句话说，它指的是对于文化多样性的敏感性。

例如，根据具体的交际环境，恰当的得体的行为和对于交际与交往的适应）。

Communicativecompetenceispartofsocialcompetence,whichisanindividualability,i.e.behaviorandskills,tocontrolhisorhersocialenvironment.（交际能力是社会能力的一部分，是个体的能力，例如行为或者技巧，来控制他或者他的社会环境）。

Interculturalcommunicationcompetenceinvolvescognitive,affectiveandoperationalaspects,whichareinseparable.（跨文化交际能力涉及到认知的，情感的和行为能力，他们是密不可分的）。

Definitionofcommunication

1.ItcomesfromtheLatinword“communicate”,itmeanstogiveortoexchange.Now,themostcommonmeaningof“communication”istogiveorexchangeinformationorideas.

2.Communicationisourabilitytoshareourideasandfeelings.（thebasisofallhumancontact）

3.Communicationisadynamic,systematicprocessinwhichmeaningsarecreatedandreflectedinhumaninteractionwithsymbols.

4.Communicationistheexchangeofmessagesbetweenpeoplesforthepurposeofachievingcommonmeaning.

ComponentsofCommunication

1.Source2.Encoding3.Message4.Channel5.Noise6.Receiver7.Decoding

8.Receiverresponse9.Feedback10.Context.

Modeofcommunication

LinearModelofCommunication;InteractiveModelofCommunication

Verbalcommunication:

communicationdonebothorallyandinwrittenlanguage

Nonverbalcommunication:

communicationwhosemessagesarenotconveyedinwords.

Characteristicsofcommunication

1）Communicationisdynamic2）Communicationisinteractive3）Communicationisirreversible4）Communicationtakesplaceinbothaphysicalandsocialcontext

Communicationisrule-governed

Symbolsorcodesarethebasicingredientsofcommunication.

 Communicationcannotberetrieved

 Communicationtakesplaceinbothaphysicalandasocialcontext

Communicationdoesnottakeplaceinavaccum.

Definition:

Interculturalcommunication

1.Interculturalcommunicationreferstocommunicationbetweenpeopleofdifferentculturalbackgrounds.

2.Interculturalcommunicationiscommunicationbetweenpeoplewhoseculturalperceptionsandsymbolsystemsaredistinctenoughtoalterthecommunicationevent.

Formsofinterculturalcommunication

1.InterracialCommunication2.InterethnicCommunication（民族间的交际,属同一人种但属不同民族，中国各兄弟民族间的交往）3.Intra-culturalCommunication4.inter-regionalcommunication

FeaturesofInterculturalcommunication

1.Itisauniversalphenomenon.2.Thecommunicationbetweencultureshasalonghistory.

3.Interculturalcommunicationisacommondailyoccurrence.

AnOutlineofChineseCulture

Chinesehistorybeganwithtwolegendaryfigures—EmperorHuang（黄帝）andEmperorYan（炎帝）HowYaoandShunPassedtheThronestotheWorthyandtheCapable（尧、舜禅让）HowYu,theGreat,ConqueredtheFlood（大禹治水）

四书：

TheFourBooks,namely,TheGreatLeaning（《大学》）,TheDoctrineoftheMean（《中庸》）,TheAnalectsofConfucius（《论语》）,andMencius（《孟子》）

五经：

TheFiveClassics,namely,TheBookofSongs/Odes（《诗经》）,TheBookofHistory（《书经》/《尚书》）,TheBookofChanges（《易经》IChing）,TheBookofRites（《礼记》）,andTheSpringandAutumnAnnals（《春秋》）

TheLiteraryAchievementsduringMingandQingDynasties

WeboasttherepresentativemasterpiecesasthefourgreatnovelsoftheMingDynastyOutlawsoftheMarshbyShiNaian,TheRomanceoftheThreeKingdomsbyLuoGuanzhong,JourneytotheWestbyWuCheng’enandJinPingMeibyXiaoXiaosheng,whichshowsthatnovelwritinghadreachedmaturity.

TheQingDynastyfeaturedwithsuchworksasTheScholars,asatiricalnovelbyWuJingziandCaoXueqin’sADreamofRedMansions.PuSongling’scollectionofshortstoriesaboutghostsandfoxspirits（demons）,StrangeTalesfromtheCarefreeStudio,throughthesetalestheauthorcensures（谴责）　theevilsofthesocietyhelivedin.

Cultureshock

Definition：

Cultureshockisprecipitated（使…突然陷入；促成）bytheanxietythatresultsfromlosingallourfamiliarsignsandsymbolsofsocialintercourse.

Cultureshockalsocanbedefinedas“thephysicalandemotionaldiscomfortonesufferswhengoingtoliveinanothercountryorplaceandissomethingallinternationalstudentswillface.

  Theterm“cultureshock”canbedefinedinanotherwayascertainneedsandrequirementsthatarenotbeingmetbyforeigncultureandsociety.

Cultureshockreferstotheanxietyexperiencedwhenoneexperiencesthelossoftheirhomeculture,familyandsupportsystemandisconfrontedwiththetaskofunderstandinganewculture.

FourstagesforCultureShock

1.euphoria（〔心〕欣快症，异常欣快－－蜜月期）.Inthisstage,youareexcitedaboutlivinginadifferentplace,andeverythingseemstobemarvelous.Youlikeeverything,andeverybodyseemstobesonicetoyou.Also,theamusementoflifeinanewcultureseemstohavenoending.

2.adownturn（下降趋势，下转）asdisillusionmentarise.ThisiscalledtheFrustrationStage/Crisis/HostilityStage.Youbegintonoticethatnoteverythingisasgoodasyouhadoriginallythoughtitwas.Youbecometiredofmanythingsaboutthenewculture.Moreover,peopledon'ttreatyoulikeaguestanymore.Everythingthatseemedtobesowonderfulatfirstisnowawful,andeverythingmakesyoufeeldistressedandtired.Youmayencountermanyproblemsintransportation,shopping,orinterpersonalcommunication.Youmayfeelthatpeoplemaynolongercareaboutyourproblem,andtheydon’tlikeforeigners.Youmaystarttocomplainandrejectthehostculture.Physicalsymptomsincludingachesandpainsinlimbs,headaches,fatigueandlackofenergy,lossofappetite,inabilitytogetagoodnight’ssleep/insomnia,stomachupsets,andfrequentcoldsorflu.Regression:

Youspendmuchofyourtimespeakingyourownlanguage,watchingvideofromyourhomecountry,andeatingfoodfromhome.Youmayrememberonlythegoodthingaboutyourhomecountry

3.Adjustment/Recovery.

Thethirdstageischaracterizedbygainingsomeunderstandingofthenewculture.Anewfeelingofpleasureandsenseofhumormaybeexperienced.Onemaystarttofeelacertainpsychologicalbalance.Youmaynotfeelaslostandstartstohaveafeelingofdirection.Theindividualismorefamiliarwiththeenvironmentandwantstobelong.Youstartfeelingmorepositive,andyoutrytodevelopcomprehensionofeverythingyoudon'tunderstand.Thewholesituationstartstobecomemorefavorable;yourecoverfromthesymptomsofthefirsttwostages,andyouadjustyourselftothenewnorms,values,andevenbeliefsandtraditionsofthenewcountry.Youbegintoseetha