中国石油大学考博英语历年考博真题1521年带解析.docx

中国石油大学考博英语历年考博真题1521年带解析.docx

《中国石油大学考博英语历年考博真题1521年带解析.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《中国石油大学考博英语历年考博真题1521年带解析.docx（73页珍藏版）》请在冰点文库上搜索。

中国石油大学考博英语历年考博真题1521年带解析

2021年中国石油大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题

PartReadingComprehension

　　Directions:

Eachofthepassagesbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.Foreachquestionfouranswersaregiven.Readthepassagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachquestion.PutyourchoiceintheANSWERSHEET.（15%）

Passage1

　　ItwasanormaldayinthelifeoftheAmericanRedCrossinGreaterNewYork.First,partofabuildingonWest140thStreet,inHarlem,felldown.Bedstumbledthroughtheair,peopleslidoutoftheirapartmentsandontotheground,threepeopledied,andtheRedCrosswasthere,helpingshockedresidentsfindtemporaryshelter,andfoodandclothing.Thenitwasbackdowntownforthatevening'sbigfund-raiser,theEleventhAnnualRedCrossAwardDinnerDance,atthePierre.“That'swhyIhavebadhairtonight,”saidChristopherPeake,aRedCrossspokesmanwhohadspentmuchofthedayattheHarlemscene,inthedrizzlingrain.Hewasnowinatuxedo,andactuallyhishairdidn'tlooksobad,framedbyacenterpieceoftulipsandjonquils,andperhapsimprovedbysubduedlightingfromeightcrystalchandeliers．

　　Definitelynothavingabad-hairnightwasElizabethDole,thewifeofSenatorRobertDoleandthepresidentoftheAmericanRedCross.PresidentDolehaschestnut-coloredRepublicanhair,whichwassoftlycoifed,andshewaswearingafittedburgundyvelveteveningsuit（“Someonemadeitforme!

Ilovevelvet.”sheexclaimed,inherenthusiastic,NorthernCarolinahostessvoice）andsparklingdropearrings.Ofcourse,shehadn'tbeenstandingintheraininHarlem;shehadjustflownuponthethree-o'clockshuttlefromWashington.Doleisextremelypretty,withroundgreeneyesandafullmouthandadirectpersonality.Shetiltsherheadattentivelywhenshelistens.Shewastherecipientoftheevening'saward;previousawardwinnershaveincludedAliceTully,PrincessYasminAsaKhan,．．．and,mostrecently,BrookeAstor.NotexactlyasequenceattheendofwhichyouwouldexpecttofindElizabethDole,butawardgiversarefamousforhavingpoliticalinstinctsaswellasphilanthropicones．

　　Surroundedbythedeep-blueswagsandgoldendraperiesoftheballroomweremorethanthirty-fivedinnertablessetwithgroupingsofcandlesandfloralcenterpiecesandRoyalDoultonchina.AmericanExpresswasthere.SowereBristol-MyersSquibb;Coopers＆Lybrand;theNewYorkTimesCompany;UnionBankofSwitzerland;ChemicalBank;NewYorkLife;...andPriceWaterhouse.TheactressArleneDahl,withherratherredhairandherbeardedhusband,presidedoveronetable.Otherwise,itwasatypical,faceless,captain-of-industryfundraiser（nomodels!

nostars!

）,ofwhichthereseemstobeatleastoneeverynightinNewYorkCity.Itwasnotasocietynight,butstilltheeveningraisedfourhundredandthirtythousanddollars．

　　26．Fromwhatwereadwecaninferthat“itwasanormaldayinthelifeoftheAmericanRedCrossinGreaterNewYork”meansitsstaff______．

　　A．dealwiththefailofhousesinthecityeveryday

　　B．arebusyhelpingpeoplewhosufferfromdisasterseveryday

　　C．workduringthedayandtohavebanquetintheeveningeveryday

　　D．gotoHarlem,thepoorestdistrictofNewYork,everydayandhelppeoplethere

　　27．Thefund-raisermentionedinthepassagerefersto______．

　　A．RobertDole

　　B．ElizabethDole

　　C．theEleventhAnnualRedCrossAwardDinnerDance

　　D．allthebusinesscompaniesattendingtheDinnerDance

　　28．ChristopherPeake'shairdidn'tlooksobadbecause______．

　　A．hewaswearingahandsometuxedo

　　B．hewaswearingtulipsonhissuit

　　C．hewasseenamongflowers

　　D．hewassittingnearflowersandinverysoftlight

　　29．ElizabethDolewas______．

　　A．thepresidentoftheAmericanRedCrossandactedattheDinnerasaNorthCarolinahostess

　　B．arepublicanandwifeofthepresidentoftheAmericanRedCross

　　C．thepresidentoftheAmericanRedCrossanditsmainrepresentativeattheAnnualDinnerDance

　　D．borninNorthCarolina,becameanair-hostessandlatermarriedSenatorRobertDole

　　30．ThepresenceofanactressattheDinnermadethefundraising______．

　　A．lessimpersonalB．atypicalfund-raisingevent

　　C．lesspersonalD．morebusiness-like

Passage2

　　Forlaymenethnologyisprobablythemostinterestingofthebiologicalsciencesfortheveryreasonthatitconcernsanimalsintheirnormalactivitiesandtherefore,ifwewish,wecanassessthepossibledangersandadvantagesinourownbehavioralroots.Ethnologyalsoisinterestingmethodologicallybecauseitcombinesinnewwaysveryscrupulousfieldobservationswithexperimentationinlaboratories．

　　Thefieldworkershavehadsomehandicapsinwinningrespectforthemselves.Foralongtimetheywereconsideredaslittlebetterthanamateuranimal-watcherscertainlynotscientists,sincetheirfactswerenotgainedbyexperimentalprocedures:

theycouldnotconformtothehard-and-fastrulethataproblemsetupandsolvedbyonescientistmustbetestedbyotherscientists,underidenticalconditionsandreachingidenticalresults.Ofcoursemanysituationsinthelivesofanimalssimplycannotberehearsedandcontrolledinthisway.Thefallflockingofwildfreebirdscan'tbe,orthehomingofanimalsoverlongdistances,orevendetailsofspontaneousfamilyrelationships.Sincethesenevercanbereproducedinalaboratory,aretheythennotworthknowingabout?

　　Theethnologistswhochoosefieldworkhavegotthemselvesoutofthisimpassebygreatlyrefiningthetechniquesofobserving.Atthestartofaprojectalltheanimalstobestudiedarelive-trapped,markedindividually,andreleased.Motionpictures,oftenincolor,providepermanentrecordsoftheirsubsequentactivities.Recordingoftheanimals'voicesbyelectricalsoundequipmentisconsideredessential,andthemostmeticulousnotesarekeptofallthatoccurs.Withthismaterialotherbiologists,farfromthescene,latercanverifythereports.Moreover,twofieldobserversoftengoouttogether,checkingeachother'sobservationsrightthereinthefield．

　　Ethnology,theword,isderivedfromtheGreekethos,meaningthecharacteristictraitsorfeatureswhichdistinguishanyparticulargroupofpeopleor,inbiology,agroupofanimalssuchasaspecies.Ethnologistshavetheintentionofstudying“thewholesequenceofactswhichconstituteananimal'sbehavior.”Inabridgeddictionariesethnologyissometimesdefinedsimplyas“theobjectivestudyofanimalbehavior,”andethnologistsdoemphasizetheirwishtoeliminatemyths．

　　31．Inthefirstsentence,theword“laymen”means

　　A．peoplewhostandaside

　　B．peoplewhoarenottrainedasbiologists

　　C．peoplewhoareamateurbiologists

　　D．peoplewholoveanimals

　　32．Accordingtothepassage,ethnologyis

　　A．anewbranchofbiology

　　B．anoldGreekscience

　　C．apseudo-science

　　D．ascienceforamateurs

　　33．“Thefieldworkershavehandicapsinwinningrespectforthemselves.”Thissentencemeans

　　A．ethnologistswhenworkinginthefieldarehandicapped

　　B．ethnologistshaveproblemsinwinningrecognitionasscientists

　　C．ethnologistsarelookeddownuponwhentheyworkinthefield

　　D．ethnologistsmeetwithlotsofdifficultieswhendoingfieldwork

　　34．Accordingtotheexplanationofthescientificruleofexperimentinthepassage,“hard-and-fast”meansexperimentprocedures

　　A．aredifficultandquicktofollow

　　B．mustbecarriedoutinastrictandquickway

　　C．mustbefollowedstrictlytoavoidfalseandlooseresults

　　D．hardandunreasonableforscientiststoobserve

　　35．Themeaningoftheunderlinedwordsin“thedetailsofspontaneousfamilyrelationships”canbeexpressedas

　　A．naturalfamilyrelationships

　　B．quicklyoccurringfamilyrelationships

　　C．animalsactinglikeanaturalfamily

　　D．animalfamilybehaviorthatcannotbepreplannedorcontrolled

Passage3

　　Thesinglegreatestshiftinthehistoryofmass-communicationtechnologyoccurredinthe15thcenturyandwaswelldescribedbyVictorHugoinafamouschapterof“NotreDamedeParis”.Itwasacathedral.Onallpartsofthegiantbuilding,statuaryandstonerepresentationsofeverykind,combinedwithhugewindowsofstainedglass,toldthestoriesoftheBibleandthesaints,displayedtheintricaciesofChristiantheology,advertedtotheexistenceofhighlyunpleasantdemonicwingedcreatures,referreddiplomaticallytothemajestiesofpoliticalpower,and,inaddition,bymeansofbellsinbelltowers,toldtimeforthebenefitofallofParisandmuchofFrance.Itwasanawesomeengineofcommunication．

　　Thencamethetransitiontosomethingstillmoreawesome.Thenewtechnologyofmasscommunicationwasportable,couldsitonyourtable,andwaseasilyreplicable,andyet,paradoxically,containedmoreinformation,moresystematicallypresented,thaneventhelargestofcathedrals.Itwastheprintedbook.Thoughitprovidednobellsandcouldnottelltime,theover-allsuperiorityofthenewinventionwasunmistakable．

　　Inthelasttenortwentyyears,wehavebeenundergoingamoreorlessequivalentshift-thistimetoanewlifeasacomputer-usingpopulation.Thegaininportability,capability,ease,orderliness,accuracy,reliability,andinformation-storageoveranythingachievablebypenscribbling,typewriting,andcabinetfilingisrecognizedbyall.Theprogressforcivilizationisundeniableand,plainly,irreversible.Yet,justasthebook'striumphoverthecathedraldividedpeopleintotwogroups,oneofwhichprospered,whiletheotherlapsedintogloom,thecomputer'striumphhasalsodividedthehumanrace．

　　Youhaveonlytobringacomputerintoaroomtoseethatsomepeoplebeginatoncetobuzzwithcuriositya