Dynamics of Atmospheric Re-Entry.pdf

Dynamics of Atmospheric Re-Entry.pdf

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DynamicsofAtmosphericRe-EntryPurchasedfromAmericanInstituteofAeronauticsandAstronauticsThispageintentionallyleftblankPurchasedfromAmericanInstituteofAeronauticsandAstronauticsDynamicsofAtmosphericRe-EntryFrankJ.ReganSatyaM.AnandakrishnanNavalSurfaceWarfareCenterDahlgrenDivision,WhiteOakDetachmentSilverSpring,MarylandEDUCATIONSERIESJ.S.PrzemienieckiSeriesEditor-in-ChiefAirForceInstituteofTechnologyWright-PattersonAirForceBase,OhioPublishedbyAmericanInstituteofAeronauticsandAstronautics,Inc.,370LEnfantPromenade,SW,Washington,DC20024-2518PurchasedfromAmericanInstituteofAeronauticsandAstronauticsAmericanInstituteofAeronauticsandAstronautics,Inc.,Washington,DCLibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataRegan,FrankJ.Dynamicsofatmosphericre-entry/FrankJ.Regan,SatyaM.Anandakrishnan.p.cm.（AIAAeducationseries）Includesindex.1.SpacevehiclesAtmosphericre-entry.2.SpacevehiclesAerodynamics.I.Anandakrishnan,SatyaM.II.Title.III.Series.TL1060.R421993629.415-dc2092-33727ISBN1-56347-048-9Copyright1993bytheAmericanInstituteofAeronauticsandAstronautics,Inc.Allrightsreserved.PrintedintheUnitedStates.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,distributed,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,orstoredinadatabaseorretrievalsystem,withoutthepriorwrittenpermissionofthepublisher.Dataandinformationappearinginthisbookareforinformationalpurposesonly.AIAAisnotresponsibleforanyinjuryordamageresultingfromuseorreliance,nordoesAIAAwarrantthatuseorreliancewillbefreefromprivatelyownedrights.PurchasedfromAmericanInstituteofAeronauticsandAstronauticsTextsPublishedintheAIAAEducationSeriesRe-EntryVehicleDynamicsFrankJ.Regan,1984AerothermodynamicsofGasTurbineandRocketPropulsionGordonC.Gates,1984AerothermodynamicsofAircraftEngineComponentsGordonC.Gates,Editor,1985FundamentalsofAircraftCombatSurvivabilityAnalysisandDesignRobertE.Ball,1985IntakeAerodynamicsJ.SeddonandE.L.Goldsmith,1985CompositeMaterialsforAircraftStructuresBrianC.HoskinsandAlanA.Baker,Editors,1986Gasdynamics:

TheoryandApplicationsGeorgeEmanuel,1986AircraftEngineDesignJackD.Mattingly,WilliamHeiser,andDanielH.Daley,1987AnIntroductiontotheMathematicsandMethodsofAstrodynamicsRichardH.Battin,1987RadarElectronicWarfareAugustGoldenJr.,1988AdvancedClassicalThermodynamicsGeorgeEmanuel,1988AerothermodynamicsofGasTurbineandRocketPropulsion,RevisedandEnlargedGordonC.Gates,1988Re-EntryAerodynamicsWilburL.Hankey,1988MechanicalReliability:

Theory,ModelsandApplicationsB.S.Dhillon,1988AircraftLandingGearDesign:

PrinciplesandPracticesNormanS.Currey,1988GustLoadsonAircraft:

ConceptsandApplicationsFredericM.Hoblit,1988AircraftDesign:

AConceptualApproachDanielP.Raymer,1989BoundaryLayersA.D.Young,1989AircraftPropulsionSystemsTechnologyandDesignGordonC.Gates,Editor,1989BasicHelicopterAerodynamicsJ.Seddon,1990IntroductiontoMathematicalMethodsinDefenseAnalysesJ.S.Przemieniecki,1990PurchasedfromAmericanInstituteofAeronauticsandAstronauticsSpaceVehicleDesignMichaelD.GriffinandJamesR.French,1991InletsforSupersonicMissilesJohnJ.Mahoney,1991DefenseAnalysesSoftwareJ.S.Przemieniecki,1991CriticalTechnologiesforNationalDefenseAirForceInstituteofTechnology,1991OrbitalMechanicsVladimirA.Chobotov,1991NonlinearAnalysisofShellStructuresAnthonyN.PalazottoandScottT.Dennis,1992OptimizationofObservationandControlProcessesVeniaminV.Malyshev,MihkailN.Krasilshikov,andValeriI.Karlov,1992AircraftDesign:

AConceptualApproachSecondEditionDanielP.Raymer,1992RotaryWingStructuralDynamicsandAeroelasticityRichardL.Bielawa,1992SpacecraftMissionDesignCharlesD.Brown,1992IntroductiontoDynamicsandControlofFlexibleStructuresJohnL.JunkinsandYoudanKim,1993DynamicsofAtmosphericRe-EntryFrankJ.ReganandSatyaM.Anandakrishnan,1993PublishedbyAmericanInstituteofAeronauticsandAstronautics,Inc.,Washington,DCPurchasedfromAmericanInstituteofAeronauticsandAstronauticsForewordIn1984,thepublicationofRe-EntryVehicleDynamicsbyFrankJ.Reganinau-guratedtheAIAAEducationSeriesoftextbooksandmonographsinaeronauticsandastronautics.Theseriesnowcontainsover30titlesandserveswellitsorigi-nalgoaltoprovidetextbooksandsupplementalmaterialsforprofessionalwork.ThislatestadditiontotheSeries,DynamicsofAtmosphericRe-EntrybyFrankJ.ReganandSatyaM.Anandakrishnan,isanextensionofthe1984text,anditincludesanexpandedcoverageofthesubject.Thenewtextpresentsacomprehensivetreatiseonthedynamicsofatmo-sphericentry.Allmathematicalconceptsarefullyexplainedinthetextsothatthereisnoneedforanyadditionalreferencematerials.Thefirsthalfofthetextdealswithfundamentalconceptsandpracticalapplicationsoftheatmosphericmodel,Earthsgravitationalfieldandform,axistransformations,forceandmo-mentequations,Keplerianmotion,andre-entrymechanics.Thesecondhalfincludesspecialtopicssuchasre-entrydecoys,maneuveringre-entryvehicles,angularmotion,flowfieldsaroundre-enteringbodies,erroranalysis,andinertialguidance.TheAIAAEducationSeriesembracesabroadspectrumoftheoryandappli-cationofdifferentdisciplinesinaerospace,includingaerospacedesignpractice,andmorerecentlytheSerieshasbeenexpandedtoincludedefensescience,engineering,andtechnology.ThebasicphilosophyfortheSeriesistodevelopbothteachingtextsforstudentsandreferencematerialsforpracticingengineersandscientists.J.S.PrzemienieckiEditor-in-ChiefAIAAEducationSeriesPurchasedfromAmericanInstituteofAeronauticsandAstronauticsThispageintentionallyleftblankPurchasedfromAmericanInstituteofAeronauticsandAstronauticsPrefaceThisisthesecondbookthatIhavebeeninvitedtopreparefortheAIAAEd-ucationSeries.Thefirstbook,Re-EntryVehicleDynamics,waspreparedfromthenotesthataccompaniedacourseIgavefirstattheNavalSurfaceWeaponsCenter（nowNavalSurfaceWarfareCenter）andlateratotherinstitutions.Thepresentvolume,DynamicsofAtmosphericRe-Entry,isanextensionoftheorig-inalbook.TheInowbecomeswe,asthepresentvolumehastwoauthors.Astrongefforthasbeenmadetopresentabroadcoverageoftopics.Theonlyjustificationforanyapparentimbalanceintheselectionsisthatwehavefoundtheincludedmaterialtohavegreatutility.Ourworkhasbeenlargelywithmodelingthedynamicsofre-entryvehicles（includingattimesthepresenceofanactivedefenseinthevicinityoftheimpactarea）.Wehaveincludedchaptersonatmosphericandgravitymodeling（Chapters2and3）,becausesuchmodelsarefundamentaltoanystudyofre-entrydynamics.Chapters4and5containdiscussionsofforceandmomentrepresentationsandgeneralmathematicalmethodsforresolvingthesevectorsintoreferenceframes.InChapter6wederiveandpresentclosed-formexpressionsforexoatmosphericorKeplerianmotion;wethenusethederivedexpressionstoevaluatetheef-fectofinitialconditionsonpositionandvelocityerrorsparticularlyatimpact.Chapter7providessomeclosed-formexpressionsthatareusefulinevaluatingtheperformanceofabroadclassofre-entryvehicles,includingthosecapableofmaneuvering.Chapter8discussesmodelingofdecoysor,inageneralsense,determiningthelikelihoodthatthemeasurablesofanobservedobjectfallwithinsomecategorydefinitionorpresetbounds.InChapter9wehaveextendedtheideasofChapter7onmaneuveringre-entryvehicles,includingsomesimpleguidanceandtargetingalgorithms.Sinceamaneuveringre-entryvehiclemayencounteranactivedefense,wealsoincludesomeinterceptordynamicsandguidancelaws.InChapter10wereturntotheKeplerianenvironmentofChapter6andextendtheworkfromparticlemechanicstorigidbodiesandhenceangularmotionaswell.InRe-EntryVehicleDynamics,aerodynamicsloadswerelimitedtoNewtonianexpressions;inChapter11wehaveexaminedtheaerodynamicflowfieldingreaterdetailfromthefreemolecularflowregimetothecontinuumregime.Havinghighlightedsomeofthespecialfeaturesofhypersonicflowfields,wepresentsomesimplecomputationalmethodsforcalculatingaerodynamicloadsthatwehavefoundusefulinpreliminarydesign.InChapter12weextendtheangularmotiondiscussedinChapter10totheatmosphericsegmentofthetrajectory.InChapter13wereturntoerroranalysisPurchasedfromAmericanInstituteofAeronauticsandAstronauticsandpresentsomeideasformodelingtrajectoriesinthepresenceofmodelingerrors.Chapter14mightseemabitoutofplaceinadiscussionofre-entryvehicles,butinourmodelingworktheinertialnavigatorhasbeenaprincipalpartoftheeffort,particularlystrapdownimplementations.Forexample,theangularvelocitiescouldbetakenfromthemomentequations,possiblyalteredwithanerrormodel,andthenusedinanupdatingalgorithm.Sincethestrapdownsystemiscomputationallyintensivewehaveincludedsomeoftheupdatingalgorithmsthatwehavefounduseful.Wewishtoacknowledgetheparticularhelpthathasbeengiveninbringingthisworktopublishedform.OurthanksgotoJohnVamos,BranchHead,Re-entrySystemsBranch,andC.A.Fisher,HeadofWeaponsDynamicsDivision,bothofNavalSurfaceWarfareCenter（NSWC）,WhiteOakLaboratory,whohaveprovidedencouragementforthiseffort.AlsospecialthanksgotoW.C.Lyonsforhisinvaluablesuggestionsandforproofreadingsomeofthechapters.Nooriginalityisclaimedforanyoftheincludedmaterial.Everyefforthasbeenmadetociteoriginalsourcesinthepreparationofthechapters.Neverthe-less,somecompilationsareinvaluable.Forexample,inChapter7theextensiveworkofJ.J.Martinwillberecognizedintheorganizationofthischapter.TheextensiveworkofJohnAllwine