Thermal radiation heat transfer.pdf

Thermal radiation heat transfer.pdf

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K20603ISBN:

978-1-4665-9326-8978146659326890000MechanicalEngineering“Thisclassicaltext,whichhasinspiredgenerationsofheattransferstudentsandresearchers,hasbeenupdatedandimprovedtomakeitscontentcurrentwithvaluableonlineresources.Thebookcoversveryfundamentalconceptsofthermalradiationandradiativetransportinparticipatingandnonparticipatingmedia,recentadvancesininverseproblemsandnear-feldthermalradiation,andreal-worldapplicationsincludingsolarenergyconversion.”ZhuominZhang,WoodruffSchoolofMechanicalEngineering,GeorgiaInstituteofTechnology,Atlanta,USA“Themostcompleteandwidecoverageofallaspectsofradiativetransfer.”VladimirSolovjov（Soloviev）,MechanicalEngineeringDepartment,BrighamYoungUniversity,Provo,Utah“Aneweditionofthiswell-knowntextbookisalwaysconsideredasamajorevent.Onceagain,thisneweditionwillprovetobeindispensableandagoldmineforstudents,engineers,andresearchers.”RodolpheVaillon,CNRS“strikesagoodbalancebetweenprovidingahigh-levelpedagogicalexplanationofcomplexphenomena,whileretainingthedetailsneededforimplementingmodernsolutiontechniques.aninvaluableresourceforteachinggraduatestudents,andanexcellentreferencefortheexperiencedresearcher.”KyleDaun,UniversityofWaterloo,Ontario,Canada“Thistextisaclassicinradiationheattransfer.Theneweditionisupdatedwithbetterarrangementinnumericalsolutionmethodsofradiativetransferequationcoupledwithconductionand/orconvectionheattransferandgasradiationproperties.Thetreatmentmaintainsthecomprehensiveandfundamentalnatureofthistext.”Pei-FengHsu,FloridaInstituteofTechnology,Melbourne,USA“Thisbookisaclassic.Ilearnedaboutradiationheattransferfromityearsagoandwithalltheimprovementsmade,itisstillprobablythebestforthestudentsoftodaytolearnaboutradiation.”ErnestoGutierrez-Miravete,ProfessorofPractice“ProfessorM.PinarMenghasjoinedtheteamofauthors,contributingwithhisextensiveexpertiseinradiativeheattransfer.Thenewteamwithitsreinforcedskillsassuresabrightfutureforthebook.”Jean-FranoisSacadura,INSALyonFranceSIXTHEDITIONJOHNR.HOWELLM.PINARMENGROBERTSIEGELHOWELLMENGSIEGELThermalRadiationHeatTransferThermalRadiationHeatTransferSIXTHEDITIONThispageintentionallyleftblankThispageintentionallyleftblankCRCPressisanimprintoftheTaylor&FrancisGroup,aninformabusinessBocaRatonLondonNewYorkThermalRadiationHeatTransferSIXTHEDITIONJOHNR.HOWELLM.PINARMENGROBERTSIEGELMATLABisatrademarkofTheMathWorks,Inc.andisusedwithpermission.TheMathWorksdoesnotwarranttheaccuracyofthetextorexercisesinthisbook.ThisbooksuseordiscussionofMATLABsoftwareorrelatedproductsdoesnotconstituteendorsementorsponsorshipbyTheMathWorksofaparticularpedagogicalapproachorparticularuseoftheMATLABsoftware.CRCPressTaylor&FrancisGroup6000BrokenSoundParkwayNW,Suite300BocaRaton,FL33487-27422016byTaylor&FrancisGroup,LLCCRCPressisanimprintofTaylor&FrancisGroup,anInformabusinessNoclaimtooriginalU.S.GovernmentworksVersionDate:

20150918InternationalStandardBookNumber-13:

978-1-4987-5774-4（eBook-PDF）Thisbookcontainsinformationobtainedfromauthenticandhighlyregardedsources.Reasonableeffortshavebeenmadetopublishreliabledataandinformation,buttheauthorandpublishercannotassumeresponsibilityforthevalid-ityofallmaterialsortheconsequencesoftheiruse.Theauthorsandpublishershaveattemptedtotracethecopyrightholdersofallmaterialreproducedinthispublicationandapologizetocopyrightholdersifpermissiontopublishinthisformhasnotbeenobtained.Ifanycopyrightmaterialhasnotbeenacknowledgedpleasewriteandletusknowsowemayrectifyinanyfuturereprint.ExceptaspermittedunderU.S.CopyrightLaw,nopartofthisbookmaybereprinted,reproduced,transmitted,oruti-lizedinanyformbyanyelectronic,mechanical,orothermeans,nowknownorhereafterinvented,includingphotocopy-ing,microfilming,andrecording,orinanyinformationstorageorretrievalsystem,withoutwrittenpermissionfromthepublishers.Forpermissiontophotocopyorusematerialelectronicallyfromthiswork,pleaseaccess（http:

/contacttheCopyrightClearanceCenter,Inc.（CCC）,222RosewoodDrive,Danvers,MA01923,978-750-8400.CCCisanot-for-profitorganizationthatprovideslicensesandregistrationforavarietyofusers.FororganizationsthathavebeengrantedaphotocopylicensebytheCCC,aseparatesystemofpaymenthasbeenarranged.TrademarkNotice:

Productorcorporatenamesmaybetrademarksorregisteredtrademarks,andareusedonlyforidentificationandexplanationwithoutintenttoinfringe.VisittheTaylor&FrancisWebsiteathttp:

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/Tomywife,Susan,andmychildrenandgrandchildren,andtoBobSiegel,whomadepossiblethiscontinuingenterprise.JohnR.HowellTomychildren,YiitandTue,whogavemethepleasureoflifeallalong,andtoallofmymentors,students,andcolleagueswhohelpedmetogathereachandeverypieceofknowledgeandwisdomreflectedhere.M.PinarMengThispageintentionallyleftblankThispageintentionallyleftblankviiContentsPreface.xxiAuthors.xxvList.of.Symbols.xxviiChapter1Introduction.to.Radiative.Transfer.11.1.Importance.of.Thermal.Radiation.in.Engineering.31.2.Thermal.Energy.Transfer.51.3.Thermal.Radiative.Transfer.71.4.Radiative.Energy.Exchange.and.Radiative.Intensity.91.4.1.Solid.Angle.101.4.2.Spectral.Radiative.Intensity.111.5.Characteristics.of.Emission.121.5.1.Perfect.Emitter.141.5.2.Radiation.Isotropy.in.a.Black.Enclosure.151.5.3.Perfect.Emitter.in.Each.Direction.and.Wavelength.151.5.4.Total.Radiation.into.Vacuum.151.5.5.Blackbody.Intensity.and.Its.Directional.Independence.161.5.6.Blackbody.Emissive.Power:

.Cosine-Law.Dependence.171.5.7.Hemispherical.Spectral.Emissive.Power.of.a.Blackbody.181.5.8.Planck.Law:

.Spectral.Distribution.of.Emissive.Power.181.5.9.Approximations.for.Blackbody.Spectral.Distribution.221.5.9.1.Wiens.Formula.231.5.9.2.RayleighJeans.Formula.231.5.10.Wiens.Displacement.Law.231.5.11.Total.Blackbody.Intensity.and.Emissive.Power.241.5.12.Blackbody.Radiation.within.a.Spectral.Band.261.5.13.Summary.of.Blackbody.Properties.301.6.Radiative.Energy.along.a.Line-of-Sight.341.6.1.Radiative.Energy.Loss.due.to.Absorption.and.Scattering.341.6.2.Mean.Penetration.Distance.361.6.3.Optical.Thickness.371.6.4.Radiative.Energy.Gain.due.to.Emission.371.6.5.Radiative.Energy.Density.and.Radiation.Pressure.391.6.6.Radiative.Energy.Gain.due.to.In-Scattering.401.7.Radiative.Transfer.Equation.411.8.Radiative.Transfer.in.Enclosures.with.Nonparticipating.Media.421.9.Concluding.Remarks.and.Historical.Notes.46Homework.46viiiContentsChapter2Radiative.Properties.at.Interfaces.512.1.Introduction.512.2.Emissivity.542.2.1.Directional.Spectral.Emissivity.（,.,.T）.552.2.2.Directional.Total.Emissivity.（,.,.T）.572.2.3.Hemispherical.Spectral.Emissivity.（T）.582.2.4.Hemispherical.Total.Emissivity.（T）.592.3.Absorptivity.632.3.1.Directional.Spectral.Absorptivity.（i,.i,.T）.632.3.2.Kirchhoffs.Law.642.3.3.Directional.Total.Absorptivity.（i,.i,.T）.652.3.4.Kirchhoffs.Law.for.Directional.Total.Properties.652.3.5.Hemispherical.Spectral.Absorptivity.（T）.662.3.6.Hemispherical.Total.Absorptivity.（T）.672.3.7.Diffuse-Gray.Surface.692.4.Reflectivity.702.4.1.Spectral.Reflectivities.702.4.1.1.Bidirectional.Spectral.Reflectivity.（r,.r,.i,.i）.702.4.1.2.Reciprocity.for.Bidirectional.Spectral.Reflectivity.712.4.1.3.Directional.Spectral.Reflectivities.722.4.1.4.Reciprocity.for.Directional.Spectral.Reflectivity.732.4.1.5.Hemispherical.Spectral.Reflectivity.（）.732.4.1.6.Limiting.Cases.for.Spectral.Surfaces.742.4.2.Total.Reflectivities.752.4.2.1.Bidirectional.Total.Reflectivity.（r,.r,.i,.i）.752.4.2.2.Reciprocity.for.Bidirectional.Total.Reflectivity.762.4.2.3.Directional.Total.Reflectivity.（i,.i）.=.（r,.r）.762.4.2.4.Reciprocity.for.Directional.Total.Reflectivity.772.4.2.5.Hemispherical.Total.Reflectivity,.772.4.3.Summary.of.Restrictions.on.Reflectivity.Reciprocity.Relations.772.5.Transmissivity.at.an.Interface.782.5.1.Spectral.Transmissivities.782.5.1.1.Bidirectional.Spectral.Transmissivity.（i,.i,.t,.t）.782.5.1.2.Directional.Spectral.Transmissivities,.（i,.i）.782.5.1.3.Hemispherical.Spectral.Transmissivity.792.5.2.Total.Transmissivities.802.5.2.1.Bidirectional.Total.Transmissivity.（i,.i,.t,.t）.802.5.2.2.Directional.Total.Transmissivities,.（i,.i）.802.5.2.3.Hemispherical-Directional.Total.Transmissivity.（t,.t）.802.5.2.4.Hemispherical.Total.Transmissivity,.812.6.Relations.among.Reflectivity,.Absorptivity,.Emissivity,.and.Transmissivity.82Homework.85Chapter3Radiative.Properties.of.Opaque.Materials.913.1.Introduction.913.2.Electromagnetic.Wave.Theory.Predictions.913.2.1.Dielectric.Materials.923.2.1.1.Reflection.and.Refraction.at.the.Interface.between.Two.Perfect.Dielectrics.（No.Wave.Attenuation,.k.0）.92ixContents3.2.1.2.Reflectivity.943.2.1.3.Emissivity.963.2.2.Radiative.Properties.of.Metals.983.2.2.1.Electromagnetic.Relations.for.Incidence.onanAbsorbing.Medium.983.2.2.2.Reflectivity.and.Emissivity.Relations.for.Metals.（Large.k）.1003.2.2.3.Relations.between.Radiative.Emission.and.Electrical.Properties.1043.3.Extensions.of.the.Theory.for.Radiative.Properties.1093.4.Measured.Properties.of.Real.Dielectric.Materials.1103.4.1.Variation.of.Total.Properties.with.Surface.Temperature.1133.4.1.1.Effect.of.Surface.Roughness.1163.4.2.Properties.of.Semiconductors.and.Superconductors.1193.5.Measured.Properties.of.Metals.1213.5.1.Directional.and.Spectral.Variations.1213.5.2.Effect.of.Surface.Temperature.1233.5.3.Effect.of.Surface.Roughness.1243.5.4.Effect.of.Surface.Impurities.1293.5.5.Molten.Metals.1313.6.Selective.and.Directional.Opaque.Surfaces.1353.6.1.Characteristics.of.Solar.Radiation.1353.6.1.1.Solar.Constan