Introductionto Environmental RemoteSensing.pdf

Introductionto Environmental RemoteSensing.pdf

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IntroductiontoEnvironmentalRemoteSensingDavidP.Lusch,Ph.D.SeniorResearchSpecialistCenterforRemoteSensingandGISMichiganStateUniversityWithacontributionfromWilliamD.Hudson,Ph.D.CenterforRemoteSensingandGISMichiganStateUniversityGraphicsandLayoutGeorgeF.Weisenborn,IVPaulRindfleischMichaelD.Hyslop1999DavidP.Lusch,Ph.DIntroductiontoEnvironmentalRemoteSensing-CenterforRemoteSensingandGIS,MichiganStateUniversity）1999DavidP.Lusch,Ph.D.1-2Chapter1IntroductiontoRemoteSensing1.11.21.31.41.51.61.7ContentsObjectivesIntroductionHistoricalPerspectiveDevelopmentofPhotographyDevelopmentofAerialPhotographyDevelopmentofRemoteSensingTheIImultiIIConcept1-11999DavidP.Lusch,Ph.D.IntroductiontoEnvironmentalRemoteSensing-CenterforRemoteSensingandGIS,MichiganStateUniversity1.1Objectives1.2Introduction）1999DavidP.Lusch,Ph.D.DefineremotesensingExplaintherelationshipofairphotointerpretationtoremotesensingReviewtheincreasingpaceoftechnologicaldevelopmentinremotesensingsincethelaunchofLandsat1Listatleastfivecurrentsatellite-basedremotesensingsystemsDefinethemulti-conceptofremotesensinganddescribeatleastfourexamplesRemoteSensingisamulti-disciplinarytechniqueofelectronicandanalogimageacquisitionandexploitationwhichincludesaerialphotographyandairphotointerpretation.Ithasasitsgoal:

.themeasurementoracquisitionofinformationaboutsomepropertyofanobjectorphenomenonbyarecordingdevicewhichisnotinphysicalorintimatecontactwiththeobjectorphenomenonunderstudy.（ManualofRemoteSensing,1983）remote:

separatedbygreatintervalssensing:

todetectorcharacterizeRemotesensing=detectIcharacterizeatadistanceInherentaspectsoftheabovedefinition:

datacollectiondataanalysisThebasicconceptofremotesensingistheabilitytomeasurespatial,spectral,andtemporalvariations.Spatial-variationsinscale/sizeSpectral-variationsinreflectedoremittedradiationTemporal-variationsovertime（diurnal,seasonal,annual,etc.）1-2IntroductiontoEnvironmentalRemoteSensing-CenterforRemoteSensingandG!

S,MichiganStateUniversityRemoteSensingPhysicalBasisofRemoteSensingIFilm-Based-MissionElectronicImagingPlanningImagingiJAerialFilmMultispectralTechnologyVideographyScannersThermalRa+PhotoPhotogrammetryInterpretationSatelliteRemoteSensingApplicationsofRemoteSensing1-3DigitalImageI+-ProcessingSourcesofRemotelySensedDataGeoreferencingSystemsGeographicInformationSystems）1999DavidP.Lusch,Ph.D.IntroductiontoEnvironmentalRemoteSensing-CenterforRemoteSensingandGIS,MichiganStateUniversity1.3HistoricalPerspective1.4DevelopmentofPhotography）1999DavidP.Lusch,Ph.D.1839-LouisJ.M.DaguerreofParisdevelopedaprocessformakingaphotograph1858-aerialphotographs,takenfromballoons,usedformappingandmilitaryreconnaissance45years1903-WrightbrothersfirstflightWWIandWWII-majordevelopmentsformilitaryaerialreconnaissance1930s-USDAbeginsextensivephotographyprogramsforcivilianuses1950s-photogrammetryandphotointerpretationfirmlyinstitutionalizedintoavarietyofdisciplines1960s-remotesensingisbornfromthespaceage1038Inhisbookonoptics,Alhazendescribesthecameraobscura1568DanielloBarbaroofVeniceusedalensinthecameraobscura1727Duringhisexperimentsconcerningtheproductionofphosphorous,JohannSchulzediscoversthatwhitechalkmoistenedwithasilvernitratesolutioninnitricaciddarkenedinsunlight1802ThomasWedgwoodandSirHumphreyDavydescribedamethodofproducingimages（temporarily）onpapercoatedwithnitrateorsilverchloride1822JosephNiepcemakesthefirstpermanentphotographicimagesonpapercoatedwithsilverchloride1831LouisDaguerrediscoversthatsilveriodideisphotosensitiveandthatalatentimagecanbemadevisiblebysubjectingthemetalphotographicplatetomercuryvapors1-4IntroductiontoEnvironmentalRemoteSensing-CenterforRemoteSensingandG!

S,MichiganStateUniversity1.5DevelopmentofAerialPhotography1834TheEnglishscientistWilliamTalbotinventedthenegativepositivephotographicprocess1839Daguerreperfectsandpublisheshisdaguerreotypeprocesswhichutilizedsodiumthiosulphateasafixer.TheEnglishchemistandastronomerSirJohnHerschelhaddiscoveredsodiumthiosulphatein18191847ClaudeDeSt.Victorsucceedsinproducinganegativeonglass1851FrederickArcherinventedthewetcollodianprocess.Thelight-sensitivematerialhadtobepreparedjustbeforetheintendedexposureandhadtoprocessedimmediatelyafterwards1871RichardMaddox,anEnglishphysician,producedthefirstpracticalsilver-bromidegelatinnegativesonglasstherebyfreeingphotographersfromhavingtomaketheirownwetplates1883GeorgeEastmaninventedpaperrollfilms,replacingglassplates1891GabrielLippmannpublishedhismethodofinterferencecolorphotography1936EastmanKodakCompanyandAgfaintroducedcommerciallyavailablecolorfilm1783JuneJosephandEtienneMontgolfierdemonstratedtheflightofanunmanned,hot-airballoonwhichattainedanaltitudeof6,000feetAugustJ.A.C.Charles,anotedFrenchphysicist,launchedthefirsthydrogen-filledballooninanunmannedascentovertheChampdeMarinParisDecemberCharlesandapassengerascendedfromtheTuileriesGardensinahydrogen-filledballoonremainingaloftfornearlytwohoursandtravelling27miles1785JeanBlanchard,aFrenchman,andJohnJefferies,anAmerican,madethefirstaerialcrossingoftheEnglishChannelfrom1-5）1999DavidP.Lusch,Ph.D.IntroductiontoEnvironmentalRemoteSensing-CenterforRemoteSensingandGIS,MichiganStateUniversity）1999DavidP.Lusch,Ph.D.DovertoCalaisinaballoon1858GaspardTournachon（Nadar）madethefirstaerialphotographofParisfromaballoontetheredatanaltitudeof80meters1860JamesBlackandSamuelKingascendedtoanaltitudeof630metersandsuccessfullyphotographedpartsofthecityofBoston1882TheEnglishmeteorologistE.D.Archibaldmadethefirstsuccessfulaerialphotographsfromakite1885SomeoftheearliestverticalairphotosfromballoonsweremadebyGastonTissandierandJacquesDucom1898DuringtheSpanish-AmericanWar,Americantroopstriedunsuccessfullytoutilizeballoonphotographyfortacticalreconnaissance1903OrvilleandWilburWrightflythefirstheavier-than-airaircraftatKillDevilHill,NorthCarolinaJuliusNeubronnerpatentedabreast-mountedaerialcameraforcarrierpigeons1906GeorgeLawrenceobtaineda1.35x2.4meterpictureofSanFranciscoduringtheearthquake.His1,000poundcamerawassuspendedatanaltitudeof610metersfromabatteryof17kites1909April24ThefirstaerialphotographfromanairplanewastakenoverCentocelli,Italy.WilburWrightwasthepilot1914-1918AerialphotographyplayedadecisiveroleasatacticalreconnaissancetoolduringWorldWarI1920ShermanFairchilddesignedandbuilttheK-3aerialcamerawhichincorporatedaninterlensshutter,motordriveandintervalometer1925November20Lt.GeorgeW.Goddardacquiredthefirstnight-timeairphotooverRochester,NewYorkusingaflashbombandphotocell-actuatedshutter1934TheAmericanSocietyofPhotogrammetrywasformed1937USDA-FSAbeganphotographingselectedcountiesinthe1-6IntroductiontoEnvironmentalRemoteSensing-CenterforRemoteSensingandG!

S,MichiganStateUniversity1.6DevelopmentofRemoteSensingU.S.onarepetitivebasis1939-1945AerialreconnaissanceduringWorldWarIIprovidedover90%ofalltheintelligenceinformationtotheAllies1942EastmanKodakCompanyintroducedKodacolorAeroReversalFilm.UndertheauspicesoftheCamouflageSection,NationalDefenseResearchCommittee,theEastmanKodakResearchLaboratoriesdevelopedafalse-color,camouflage-detectionfilmbymodifyingtheblue,green,redsensitivitiesofKodacolorAerofilmtogreen,redandinfraredcolorinfrared（CIR）film1950sPhotogrammetryandphotointerpretationbecomefirmlyinstitutionalizedinavarietyofdisciplines1960sAsthetechniquestorecordelectromagneticradiationbeyondtherangeofhumanvisionbecameavailable,thenewtermremotesensingwascoinedbyEvelynPruittattheOfficeofNavalResearchtoencompassthetotalobservationalprocessfromremoteplatforms1962OctoberHigh-AltitudeaerialphotographsfromU-2aircraftdocumentedtheemplacementofSovietmedium-rangeballisticmissilesinCuba1965Multispectralcamerasystems（multibandphotography）becomecommerciallyavailable1969MarchSO65MultispectralPhotographicExperimentwasflownonboardApollo9JuneNASAsMannedSpacecraftCenterbeginshighaltitudeaerialphotographymissionsaspartoftheEarthResourcesProgram1972July23TheEarthResourcesTechnologySatellite（ERTS-1）waslaunched.LaterrenamedLandsat11973May14SkylabwaslaunchedandbetweenMay25,1973andFebruary8,1974wasoccupiedforatotalof171daysby3differentthree-personcrews.UsingtheEarthResourcesExperimentPackage（EREP）,theseastronautswereabletosynopticallysurveyselectedareasoftheglobe.SkylabreenteredtheearthsatmosphereonJuly11,1979andbroke-upovertheIndianOcean1-7）1999DavidP.Lusch,Ph.D.IntroductiontoEnvironmentalRemoteSensing-CenterforRemoteSensingandGIS,MichiganStateUniversity）1999DavidP.Lusch,Ph.D.1975January22Landsat2waslaunchedandninedayrepetitivecoveragebecomespossible1978January6Landsat1wasretiredafteracquiringmorethan270,000scenesofdataMarch5Landsat3waslaunchedJune26Seasat1waslaunched,butsufferedacompletesystemfailureonOctober10,1978October13TIROS-Nwaslaunched1979June27NOAA-6waslaunched1981June23NOAA-7waslaunchedNovember12-14SIR-Aexperimentconductedfrom