0Hdeso托福考试阅读模拟训练试题Word文档格式.docx

0Hdeso托福考试阅读模拟训练试题Word文档格式.docx

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Everyoneinaparticularsocietyrecognizessocialroles:

father,mother,child,teacher,student,policeofficer,storeclerk,doctor,judge,politicalleader,andsoon.Everycultureexpectscertaintypesofbehaviorfrompeoplewhoplaycertainsocialroles.Anyoneoccupyingagivenpositionisexpectedtoadoptaspecificattitude.Astoreclerkisexpectedtotakecareofcustomerspatientlyandpolitely,andajudgeisexpectedtomakewiseandfairdecisionsaboutlaws.

Informalsocialrolesarenotalwayseasytorecognize,butcanbeidentifiedwithcarefulresearch.Theyarekeyindicatorsofagroup'

shealthandhappiness.Withinthefamily,oneinformalroleisthefamilyhero,thepersonwhodefinesintegrityandupholdsfamilymorality.Othersarethefamilyarbitrator,thepersonwhokeepsthepeace,andthefamilyhistorian,oftenagrandparent,whorelaysvaluableculturalinformationthatmaintainsboththefamilyandthelargersociety.Andfinally,thereisthefamilyfriend,thepersonwhoprovidescomfortandcompanionshiptothefamilymemberswithemotionalneeds.

1.Whydoestheauthormentionastoreclerkandajudgeinparagraph1?

A.Togiveexamplesofpeoplewhoholdpositionsofrespects.

B.Toexplainwhysocialrolesareimportanttoasociety.

C.Toillustratethebehaviorrequiredofcertainsocialroles.

D.Tocomparetheresponsibilitiesoftwodifferentoccupations.

2.Whydoestheauthorusethetermkeyindicatorsindiscussinginformalsocialroles?

A.Toidentifythemostimportanttypeofsocialroles.

B.Toexplainhowtoidentifyinformalsocialroles

C.Topointoutthatinformalrolesareuniquetofamilies

D.Toemphasizethevalueofinformalrolestoagroup

答案:

1.C 

2.D

Themanypartoftheearth’satmospherearelinkedwiththevariouspartsoftheearth’ssurfacetoproduceawhole---theclimatesystem.Differentpartsoftheearth’ssurfacereacttotheenergyofthesunindifferentways.Forexample,iceandsnowreflectmuchofit.Landsurfacesabsorbsolarenergyandheatuprapidly.Oceansstoretheenergywithoutexperiencingasignificanttemperaturerise.Thus,thedifferenttypesofsurfacestransferheatintotheatmosphereatdifferentrates.

Wecanviewclimateasexistinginthreedomains:

space,time,andhumanperception.Inthedomainofspace,wecanstudylocal,regional,andglobalclimates.Intime,wecanlookattheclimateforayear,adecade,amillennium,andsoforth.Finally,wedependonourperceptionsofthedata,sowemustincludeourownhumanperceptionintoourmodel.Humanperceptionmustbeincludedifourunderstandingofclimaticprocessesistobetranslatedintosocietalactions.Asasociety,wemakeinformedchoicesabouthowtousethebeneficialeffectsofclimate,suchasdecidingwhenandwheretoplantcrops.Wealsomakechoicesabouthowtominimizetheharmfuleffectsofclimate---storms,blizzards,anddroughts.

1.Whydoestheauthordiscussdifferentpartsoftheearth’ssurfaceinparagraph1?

A.Toexplainwhyhumansliveinsomepartsbutnotinothers

B.Toshowthattheentireearthismadeofthesamematerials

C.Tocomparehowvarioussurfacestransferheatintotheatmosphere

D.Todescribechangesintheearth’sappearancethroughouttheyear.

2.Accordingtotheauthor,whymustweincludehumanperceptioninourstudyofclimate?

A.Wemustinterpretdataandtakeactionsrelatedtoclimate

B.Wemustcreateaninterestingmodeloftheclimatesystem

C.Wemustdevelopanunderstandingofourenvironment

D.Wemustchangeourtraditionalwaysofstudyingclimate.

（思考）3.Readthesentencebelowandwriteanessaywhichwillhaveaminimumof100words.

Ourunderstandingofclimaticprocessesistobetranslatedintosocietalactions.

答案：

１.Ｃ　　２.Ａ

Severalmenhavebeenresponsibleforpromotingforestryasaprofession.ForemostwasGiffordPinchot,thefatheroftheprofessionalforestryinAmerica.HewaschiefoftheForestServicefrom1898until1910,workingwithPresidentTheodoreRoosevelttoinstigatesoundconservationpracticesinforests.LaterhewasprofessorofforestryandfounderofthePinchotSchoolofForestryatYaleUniversity.AnothergreatforesterwasDr.BernardE.Fernow,thefirstheadoftheU.S.ForestService.HeorganizedthefirstAmericanschoolofprofessionalforestryatCornellUniversity.

Theforestersoftoday,likePinchotandFernowinthepast,planandsupervisethegrowth,protection,andutilizationoftrees.Theymakemapsofforestareas,estimatetheamountofstandingtimberandfuturegrowth,andmanagetimbersales.Theyalsoprotectthetreesfromfire,harmfulinsects,anddisease.Someforestersmayberesponsibleforotherduties,rangingfromwildlifeprotectionandwatershedmanagementtothedevelopmentandsupervisionofcamps,parks,andgrazinglands.Othersdoresearch,provideinformationtoforestownersandtothegeneralpublic,andteachincollegesanduniversities.

1.WhydoestheauthorcomparePinchotandFernowtotheforestersoftoday?

A.Todescribedifferentphilosophiesofforestrymanagement

B.Toshowhowthefieldofforestryhaschangedin100years

C.Toarguefortheexpansionofuniversityforestryprograms

D.Tointroducethetypeofworkdonebyprofessionalforesters

2.AllofthefollowingarementionedinthepassageEXCEPT

A.whatforestersdobesidesprotectingtrees

B.howtoselectagoodschoolofforestry

C.peoplewhopromotedforestryasacareer

D.managementoftimberandtimbersales

3.Thinkabouthowprofessorscancontributetheirwisdomtothepublicaffairs.Writedownyourcontemplationsinaessaywhichhaveaminimumof100words.

答案:

１.Ｄ２.Ｂ

One’sstyleofthedressrevealsthehumanobsessionwithbothnoveltyandtradition.Peopleuseclothingtodeclaretheirmembershipinaparticularsocialgroup;

however,therulesforwhatisacceptabledressforthatgroupmaychange.Inaffluentsocieties,thischangingoftherulesisthedrivingforcebehindfashions.Bykeepingupwithfashions,thatis,bychangingtheirclothingstylefrequentlybutsimultaneously,membersofagroupbothsatisfytheirdesirefornoveltyandobeytherules,thusdemonstratingtheirmembershipinthegroup.

Therearesomeinterestingvariationsregardingindividualstatus.Somepeople,particularlyintheWest,considerthemselvesofsuchhighstatusthattheydonotneedtodisplayitwiththeirclothing.Forexample,manywealthypeopleintheentertainmentindustryappearinverycasualclothes,suchasthewornjeansandworkbootsofamanuallaborer.However,itislikelythatasubtlebutimportantsignal,suchasanexpensivewristwatch,willprevailoverthemessageofthecasualdress.Suchaninvertedstatusdisplayismostlikelytooccurwheretheperson’shighstatusisconveyedinwaysotherthanwithclothing,suchashavingafamousface.

1.Accordingtotheauthor,fashionsserveallthefollowingpurposesEXCEPT

A.satisfyinganinterestinnovelty

B.signalingachangeinpersonalbeliefs

C.displayingmembershipinasocialgroup

D.followingtraditionalrules

2.Whydoestheauthordiscussindividualstatusinparagraph2?

A.TostatethatindividualsstatusisnotimportantintheWest

B.Toarguethatindividualsneednotobeyeveryfashionrule

C.Tocontrastthestatusofentertainerswiththatofmanuallaborers

D.Toexplainhowhighstatusmayinvolveaninvertedstatusdisplay

3.withtheboomingeconomyandrisingstatus,Chinesepeoplearebeginningtoremembertheclothingbelongingtoourownnationwhichiscalled“hanfu”（汉服），andsomeyouthhaveworntheminsometraditionalfestivals.Pleasewriteanessaytoexpressyourownthinking.

1.B2.D

ThewarforindependencefromBritainwasalongandeconomicallycostlyconflict.TheNewEnglandfishingindustrywastemporarilydestroyed,andthetobaccocoloniesintheSouthwerealsohardhit.Thetradeinimportswasseverelyaffected,sincethewarwasfoughtagainstthecountrythathadpreviouslymonopolizedthecolonies’supplyofmanufacturedgoods.Themostseriousconsequenceswerefeltinthecities,whoseexistencedependedoncommercialactivity.Boston,NewYork,Philadelphia,andCharlestonwerealloccupiedforatimebyBritishtroops.Evenwhenthetroopshadleft,Britishshipslurkedintheharborsandcontinuedtodisrupttrade.

Americanincomefromshipbuildingandcommercedeclinedabruptly,underminingtheentireeconomyoftheurbanareas.ThedeclineintradebroughtafallintheAmericanstandardofliving.Unemployedshipwrights,docklaborers,andcoopersdriftedofftofindworkonfarmsandinsmallvillages.SomeofthemjoinedtheContinentalarmy,oriftheywereloyaltoBritain,theydepartedwiththeBritishforces.ThepopulationoftheNewYorkCitydeclinedfrom21,000in1774tolessthanhalfthatnumberonlynineyearslaterin1783.

Thedisruptionsproducedbythefightingofthewar,bythelossofestablishedmarketsformanufacturedgoods,bythelossofsourcesofcredit,andbythelackofnewinvestmentallcreatedaperiodofeconomicstagnationthatlastedforthenexttwentyyears.

1.Whydoestheauthormentionthefishingindustryandthetobacoocolonies?

A.toshowhowthewarforindependenceaffectedtheeconomy

B.tocomparetheeconomicpoweroftwodifferentregions

C.toidentifythetwolargestcommercialenterprisesinAmerica

D.togiveexamplesofindustriescontrolledbyBritishforces

2.WhydoestheauthormentionthepopulationofNewYorkCityinparagraph2?

A.toshowthathalfofNewYorkremainedloyaltoBritain

B.tocompareNewYorkwithothe