American Indians美国印第安人Word格式.docx

American Indians美国印第安人Word格式.docx

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VariousquestionsinregardtotheAmericanIndianshavebeendiscussedinthearticle 

AMERICA.Itishereintendedtotreatmoreparticularlytheirethnographicalposition,andtogivewhatmaybecalledaworkingclassificationoftheraces.ThisisfollowedbyaseparatenoticeofthepresentdistributionandconditionoftheNorthAmericanIndians.

Itmaybeassertedwithsomeconfidencethatthereisnothing'

inthephysicalandmentalconditionoftheaboriginalAmericanswhichrequiresustopostulateforthemaforeignorigin.Ifmanwasevolvedoriginallyfromseveralcentres,Americaassuredlyincludedoneatleast;

ifhesprangfromasinglepair,thenwecanevenconceivethatpairtohavebeenfirstestablishedintheNewWorld,andtheargumentsbroughtforwardinsupportofanAsiaticoriginoftheAmericanwouldnotlosetheirpointifadducedinfavourofanAmericanoriginoftheAsiaticpeoples.

AndreasRetzius,thefounderofscientificcraniolog}'

arguingoninsufficientmaterials,groupedalltheAmericanaboriginesintwogreatdivisions—

（1）awesternorhigh-land,occupyingthemainrangesoftheRockyMountainsandAndes,withtheinterveninglandsthencetothePacific:

and

（2）aneastern,mainlylowland,whosedomainstretchedfromthewesternuplandstotheAtlanticseaboard.Theformer,beingcharacterizedbybrachycephalousorroundheads,hefeltdisposedtoconnectwiththebrachycephalousMongoliansandMalaysofAsiaandAustralasia.Thelatter,beingofadecideddolichocephalousorlong-headedtype,hetracedtopossibleBerberandGuanchemigrationsfromnorth-westAfricaandtheCanaryIslands,doubtlessbecausethehistoricalarrivalofthedolichocephalousNorsemenintheNewWorldwasoftoorecentdatetoservehispurpose.ButVirchow（"

AnthropologieAmerika'

s,"

inVerhandlungenderGesell.fü

rAnthropologie,1877,p.144-56）hasamplyshownthatthisclassificationisunten-able,anditwillbeseenfurtheronthattherearelongandround-headedtypesoftenintermingledineverypartofthecontinent.Virchowhimself,whiledenyingtheclaimoftheAmericanracetobeconsideredautochthonous,declinestocommithimselfastotheprobableregionswhencetheymayhavereachedtheirpresenthabitat.ThetheoryofanAsiaticimmigrationviaBehringStraithasbeensomewhatrevivedsinceethnologistshave,sotosay,rediscoveredthelostTchuktchisofthenorth-eastcoast,ofSiberiathroughNordenskjold'

sSwedishpolarexpeditionof1878-9.TheseTchuktchisaresupposedtoformtheconnectinglinkbetweentheracesofthetwoworlds,andthesuppositionisstrengthenedbytheinventionofanAmericanbranchofthetribe.ProfessorNordenskjö

ldhimselfremarksthat"

thisrace,settledontheprimevalroutebetweentheOldandtheNewWorld,bearsanunmistakablestampofthaMongolsofAsiaandEskimoandIndiansofAmerica"

（Petermann'

s 

Mittheilungen,1879,p.330）.ButLieutenantPalanderofthesameexpeditionsaysthat"

theyundoubtedlydescendfromtheGreenlandEskimo"

（ib.）,whichwouldatoncedeprivethemofallvalueasaconnectinglink,whilePeschel（RacesofMan,p.391）muchmoreprobablyalliesthemtotheItelmes（Kamtchadales）,thetwolanguagesbeing"

ascloselyrelatedasisSpanishtoPortuguese."

W.H.Dall（ContributionstoAmericanEthnology,vol.i.,Washington,1877）furtherpointsoutthattheInnuit（Eskimo）tongue,saidtobespokenbytheTchuktchis,ismerelyatradingjargon,amixtureofKoriak,Tchuktchi,Innuit,English,Hawaiian,andothers.ItisalsotobenotedthattheSamoyedesandotherAsiaticArcticpeoples,assumedbymanytobethepro-genitorsoftheEskimo,areofMongoloidstockanddistinctlybrachycephaltus,whiletheEskimoarethemostdolichocephalousraceontheglobenexttotheKaiColosofFiji（Flower）.ThustheEskimo,insteadofbeingaconnectinglink,formananthropologicalbarrierbetweenthepopulationsofthetwohemispheresattheverypointgeographicallymostconvenientforeffectingthetransition.

NorwouldthequestionbemuchfurtheredbyallowingthearrivalofafewbarbaroustribesviaBehringStraitinprehistorictimes.TheirpresencewouldleavetheAztec,Mayan,Peruvian,andotherlocalculturesunexplained,exceptasindependentdevelopments.AndmorerecenthistoricmigrationsofChinese,Japanese,andothercivilizedpeoples,otherwiseinvolvedintremendousdifficulties,wouldleaveequallyunexplainedtheprimevalmound-buildingracesoftheOhiovalleyandthestillmoreancientBrazilianracesoftheSantaCatharinaandSantosshell-heaps.BecauseastrayvesselhasbeencastashoreonthewesternseaboardsincethediscoveryofAmerica,Virchowsuggeststhepossibilityofsimilararrivalsinremotertimes.ButiftheChinesearrivedsorecentlyaseven8000yearsago（anextremesupposition）insufficientnumberstobuildupacivilizationinCentralAmerica,theChineseoriginofsuchacivilizationwouldtothisdaybeasself-evidentasistheChineseoriginoftheneighbouringJapanesecivilization.Theforeignfoundersofthesecommunitieswouldnecessarilyhavebroughtwiththemtheirarts,theirdomesticanimals,theirmoreusefulplantsandcereals,withoutwhichtheymusthavethemselvesspeedilyperishedorbeenabsorbedinthesurroundingnativepopulations.ButnotraceofthesethingswasfoundintheNewWorldonitsdiscovery.TherewasneitherthericeoftheChinese,northewheat,barley,oats,orryeoftheWesternnations,northeironnowprovedtohavebeenknowntotheancientAssyriansandEgyptians,northehorse,camel,ox,sheep,pig,dog,orpoultryoftheeasternhemisphere.Insteadofthese,therewaslittlebeyondonecereal（maize）,oneesculentroot（potato）,onefeeblebeastofburden（llama）,limitedtotheuplandsofthesouthernCordilleras,onespeciesofdogelsewhereunknown.MostoftheusefulplantsandanimalsoftheEasthavesincebeenintroduced,andflourishvigorouslyeveninthewildstate,asufficientproofthattheywouldhavebeenpropagatedhadtheybeenintroducedatanearlierepoch.Theknowledgeofmetalswaslimitedtocopper,bothwroughtand,inWisconsin,apparentlycast（J.S.Butler）,bronze,lead,gold,andsilver.OtherwisemostofthenationswereatthediscoverystillintheStoneAge;

and,althoughVirchow'

sassertionmaybetruethatthemostpractisedarchaeologistwillfailtodetectanymaterialdifferencebetweenthestoneimplementsofthetwohemispheres,thismerelyimpliesthattheartsofPalaeolithicandNeolithicmanwereprettymuchthesameevery-where.

Noristhereanythinginthereligions,systemsofgovern-ment,architecture,andotherartsofthenativeAmericans,bywhichtheycanbeconnectedwiththecorresponding-systemsoftheEast.ThattheToltecbuildersofthelowobtruncatedMexicanpyramidswereadifferentpeoplefromthepyramidbuildersoftheNilevalley,andthatthemummiesoftheAnconnecropolisandotherpartsofPeruwereofadifferentstockfromtheEgyptianmummies,issufficientlyevidentfromthetextureofthehairalone.ThehairoftheoldculturedracesofAmericawasthesameasthatofallthelaterAmericanraces,uniformlylank,becausecylindricalinsection.ThehairoftheoldEgyptians,likethatofthemodernFellahin,is,onthecontrary,uniformlywavy,becausemoreorlessovalinsection.Thereligions,again,oftheRedMan,wearetoldbyCarlSchultz-Sellack,OscarLoew,andothergoodobservers,are"

essentiallyastrological,basedonstar,sun,andmoonworship,"

withwhichwasoftenassociatedanintricatemethodofmeasuringtimebuiltonaseriesoftwentyconstellations"

（Zeitschr.fü

rEthnologie,1879,p.209）."

Thesun,"

saysLoew,"

isthegodofmostIndiantribes.'

Hediffuseswarmthandnourishmentforusandouranimals;

whyshallwenotworshiphim]'

observedtomeononeoccasionMasa-yamtiba,aMoquiIndian（NewMexico）"

（ib. 

p.265）.ThisMasayamtibawasabetterphilosopherthanthoseethnologistswhoseekfortheoriginofsuchasimplecultintheremotecornersoftheglobe,ratherthaninthebeneficialinfluenceoftheheavenlybodieswhichshinealikeforallmankind.ThefourgreatgodsoftheMayas,the"

propsoftheheavens,"

answeredtothefourgreatMexicangodsofthefourquartersofthecompass,allbeingassociatedwiththefourelementsofwind,water,fire,andearth.ButtowhatdoeseithersystemanswerinthepolytheisticcreedsoftheHindus,Assyrians,Babylonians,orothernationsofantiquity1ThereissomethingsimilarintheNeo-Buddhisticteachings;

butBuddhism,evenoftheoldesttype,ismuchtoorecenttoexplainanythinginthereligiousworldsofMexicoorYucatan.ThehareisassociatedinAmerica,inAsia,andevenamongsttheBushmenofSouthAfricawiththemoon.Butthisassociationwasobviouslysuggestedindependentlybythespotswhich,especiallyinthefirstquarterofthemoonseemtopresenttheoutlinesofahareonitsform.Waitz（Anthropology,p.255）wellobservesthatacommonbeliefinauniversalflood,orintheperiodicaldestructionoftheworld,whetherbyfire,water,storms,orearthquakes,andanalogousorparallellinesofthought—takenind