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∙Colonialperiod
∙1776–1789
∙1789–1849
∙1849–1865
∙1865–1918
∙1918–1945
∙1945–1964
∙1964–1980
∙1980–1991
∙1991–present
"
Americanhistory"
redirectshere.Forthehistoryofthecontinents,seeHistoryoftheAmericas.
ThehistoryoftheUnitedStatesascoveredinAmericanschoolsanduniversitiestypicallybeginswitheitherChristopherColumbus'
s1492voyagetotheAmericasorwiththeprehistoryoftheNativepeoples,withthelatterapproachhavingbecomeincreasinglycommoninrecentdecades.[1]
IndigenouspopulationslivedinwhatisnowtheUnitedStatesbeforeEuropeancolonistsbegantoarrive,mostlyfromEngland,after1600.Bythe1770s,thirteenBritishcoloniescontainedtwoandahalfmillionpeople.Theywereprosperousandgrowingrapidly,andhaddevelopedtheirownautonomouspoliticalandlegalsystems.TheBritishParliamentasserteditsauthorityoverthesecoloniesbyimposingnewtaxes,whichtheAmericansinsistedwereunconstitutionalbecausetheywerenotrepresentedinParliament.Growingconflictsturnedintofull-fledgedwarbeginninginApril1775.OnJuly4,1776,thecoloniesdeclaredindependencefromtheKingdomofGreatBritainandbecametheUnitedStatesofAmerica.
WithmajormilitaryandfinancialsupportfromFranceandmilitaryleadershipbyGeneralGeorgeWashington,thePatriotswontheRevolutionaryWarandpeacecamein1783.Duringandafterthewar,the13stateswereunitedunderaweakfederalgovernmentestablishedbytheArticlesofConfederation.Whentheseprovedunworkable,anewConstitutionwasadoptedin1789;
itremainsthebasisoftheUnitedStatesfederalgovernment,andlaterincludedaBillofRights.WithWashingtonasthenation'
sfirstpresidentandAlexanderHamiltonhischiefadvisor,astrongnationalgovernmentwascreated.WhenThomasJeffersonbecamepresidenthepurchasedtheLouisianaTerritoryfromFrance,doublingthesizeofAmericanterritorialholdings.AsecondandlastwarwithBritainwasfoughtin1812.ThemainresultofthatwarwastheendofEuropeansupportforIndianattacksonwesternsettlers.
UnderthesponsorshipoftheJeffersonianDemocrats,andtheJacksonianDemocrats,thenationexpandedtotheLouisianapurchaseandallthewaytoCaliforniaandOregon,andaquestforinexpensivelandforYeomanfarmersandslaveownerswhopromoted,democracyandexpansion,atthecostofviolenceandadisdainforEuropeanculture.Theexpansion,undertherubricofManifestDestinywasarejectionoftheadviceofWhigswhowantedtodeepenandmodernizetheeconomyandsocietyratherthanmerelyexpandthegeography.SlaveryofAfricanswasabolishedinalltheNorthernstatesby1804,butitflourishedintheSouthernstatesbecauseofheavyEuropeandemandforcotton.
Conflictsovertheissueofslaveryinthefirsthalfofthe19thcenturyculminatedintheAmericanCivilWar,aselevenslavestatessecededtofoundtheConfederacyin1861.WithRepublicanpresidentAbrahamLincolnastheleaderoftheUnion,theSouthwaseventuallydefeatedand,intheReconstructionera(1863–77),theUnitedStatesendedslaveryandextendedlegalandvotingrightstotheFreedmen(AfricanAmericanswhohadbeenslaves).Reconstructionendedin1877andfromthe1890stothe1960sthesystemofJimCrow(segregation)keptblacksinpolitical,socialandeconomicinferiority.TheentireSouthremainedpooruntilthe2ndhalfofthe20thcentury,whiletheNorthandWestgrewrapidlyandprospered.
TheUnitedStatesbecametheleadingindustrialpowerattheturnofthe20thcenturyduetoanoutburstofentrepreneurshipintheNorthandthearrivalofmillionsofimmigrantworkersandfarmersfromEurope.DissatisfactionwithcorruptionandtraditionalpoliticsstimulatedtheProgressivemovementfromthe1890sto1920s,whichpushedforreformsandallowedforwomen'
ssuffrageandtheprohibitionofalcohol(thelatterrepealedin1933).InitiallyneutralinWorldWarI,theU.S.declaredwaronGermanyin1917,andfundedtheAlliedvictorythefollowingyear.Afteraprosperousdecadeinthe1920s,theWallStreetCrashof1929markedtheonsetofthedecade-longworld-wideGreatDepression.DemocratFranklinD.RooseveltbecamepresidentandimplementedhisNewDealprogramsforrelief,recovery,andreform,definingmodernAmericanliberalism.AftertheJapaneseattackonPearlHarboronDecember7,1941,theUnitedStatesenteredWorldWarIIalongsidetheAlliesandhelpeddefeatNaziGermanyinEuropeand,withthedetonationofnewly-inventedatomicbombs,JapanintheFarEast.
TheUnitedStatesandtheSovietUnionemergedasopposingsuperpowersafterWorldWarIIandbegantheColdWar,confrontingoneanotherindirectlyinthearmsraceandSpaceRace.U.S.foreignpolicyduringtheColdWarwasbuiltaroundthecontainmentofCommunism,andthecountryparticipatedinthewarsinKoreaandVietnamtoachievethisgoal.LiberalismwonnumerousvictoriesinthedaysoftheNewDealandagaininthemid-1960s,especiallyinthesuccessofthecivilrightsmovement,butconservatismmadeitscomebackinthe1980sunderRonaldReagan.TheColdWarendedwhentheSovietUniondissolvedin1991,leavingtheUnitedStatestheonlysuperpower.Asthe21stcenturybegan,internationalconflictcenteredaroundtheMiddleEastandheightenedsignificantlyfollowingtheSeptember11attacksandtheWaronTerrorismthatwassubsequentlydeclared.TheUnitedStatesexperienceditsworsteconomicrecessionsinceWorldWarIIinthelate2000s,whichhasbeenfollowedbyslowerthanusualratesofeconomicgrowthduringthe2010s.
Contents
[hide]
∙1Prehistory
∙2Pre-Columbianera
3Colonialperiod
3.1Spanish,Dutch,andFrenchcolonization
3.2Britishcolonization
3.3Politicalintegrationandautonomy
4AmericanRevolution
4.1Civilreligion
5Earlyyearsoftherepublic
5.1ConfederationandConstitution
5.2Washingtonestablishedastronggovernment
5.3Slavery
619thcentury
6.1Jefferson
6.2Warof1812
6.3EraofGoodFeelings
6.4Indianremoval
6.5SecondGreatAwakening
6.6Abolitionism
6.7WestwardexpansionandManifestDestiny
6.8DivisionsbetweenNorthandSouth
6.9CivilWar
6.10ReconstructionandtheGildedAge
720thcentury
7.1ProgressiveEra
7.2Imperialism
7.3WorldWarI
7.4Women'
ssuffrage
7.5RoaringTwentiesandtheGreatDepression
7.6WorldWarII
7.7TheColdWar,counterculture,andcivilrights
7.7.1Climaxofliberalism
7.7.2CivilRightsMovement
7.7.3TheWomen'
sMovement
7.7.4TheCountercultureRevolutionandColdWarDé
tente
7.8Closeofthe20thcentury
821stcentury
8.19/11andtheWaronTerror
8.2GreatRecessionandBarackObama
∙9Seealso
∙10References
∙11Textbooks
∙12Furtherreading
∙13Externallinks
Prehistory[edit]
Mainarticle:
PrehistoryoftheUnitedStates
Pre-Columbianera[edit]
Pre-Columbianera
Seealso:
NativeAmericansintheUnitedStates
ItisnotdefinitivelyknownhoworwhentheNativeAmericansfirstsettledtheAmericasandthepresent-dayUnitedStates.TheprevailingtheoryproposesthatpeoplemigratedfromEurasiaacrossBeringia,alandbridgethatconnectedSiberiatopresent-dayAlaska,andthenspreadsouthwardthroughouttheAmericas.Thismigrationmayhavebegunasearlyas30,000yearsago[2]andcontinuedthroughtoabout10,000+yearsago,whenthelandbridgebecamesubmergedbytherisingsealevelcausedbytheendingofthelastglacialperiod.[3]Theseearlyinhabitants,calledPaleoamericans,soondiversifiedintomanyhundredsofculturallydistinctnationsandtribes.
Thepre-ColumbianeraincorporatesallperiodsubdivisionsinthehistoryandprehistoryoftheAmericasbeforetheappearanceofsignificantEuropeaninfluencesontheAmericancontinents,spanningthetimeoftheoriginalsettlementintheUpperPaleolithicperiodtoEuropeancolonizationduringtheEarlyModernperiod.WhiletechnicallyreferringtotheerabeforeChristopherColumbus'
voyagesof1492to1504,inpracticethetermusuallyincludesthehistoryofAmericanindigenousculturesuntiltheywereconqueredorsignificantlyinfluencedbyEuropeans,evenifthishappeneddecadesorevencenturiesafterColumbus'
initiallanding.
Colonialperiod[edit]
TheSpanishconquistadorCoronadoexploredpartsoftheAmericanSouthwestfrom1540to1542.
ColonialhistoryoftheUnitedStates
AfteraperiodofexplorationsponsoredbymajorEuropeannations,thefirstsettlementswereestablishedin1607.[4]Europeansbroughthorses,cattle,andhogstotheAmericasand,inturn,tookbacktoEuropemaize,turkeys,potatoes,tobacco,beans,andsquash.Thediseaseenvironmentwasdeadlyformanyexplorersandearlysettlersexposedtonewdiseases.TheimpactofnewdiseasewasevenworseontheNativeAmericans,especiallysmallpoxandmeasles.Theydiedinverylargenumbers,usuallybeforelarge-scaleEuropeansettlementbegan.[5][6]
Spanish,Dutch,andFrenchcolonization[edit]
SpanishexplorerswerethefirstEuropeanswithChristopherColumbus'
secondexpedition,whichreachedPuertoRicoonNovember19,1493;
othersreachedFloridain1513.[7]QuicklySpanishexpeditionsreachedtheAppalachianMountains,theMississippiRiver,theGrandCanyon[8]andtheGreatPlains.In1540,HernandodeSotoundertookanextensiveexplorationofSoutheast.Alsoin1540FranciscoVá
zquezdeCoronadoexploredfromArizonatocentralKansas.[9]TheSpanishsentsomesettlers,creatingthefirstpermanentEuropeansettlemen