Linux常用命令列表.docx

Linux常用命令列表.docx

《Linux常用命令列表.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《Linux常用命令列表.docx（24页珍藏版）》请在冰点文库上搜索。

Linux常用命令列表

LinuxShortcutsandCommands:

LinuxNewbieAdministratorGuide

byStanandPeterKlimas

Thisisapracticalselectionofthecommandsweusemostoften.Presstoseethelistingofallavailablecommand（onyourPATH）.Onmysmallhomesystem,itsaysthereare2595executablesonmyPATH. Manyofthese"commands"canbeaccessedfromyourfavouriteGUIfront-end（probablyKDEorGnome）byclickingontherightmenuorbutton.Theycanallberunfromthecommandline. ProgramsthatrequireGUIhavetoberunfromaterminalopenedunderaGUI.

Legend:

<>=singlespecialorfunctionkeyonthekeyboard.Forexampleindicatesthe"control"key.

italic=nameofthefileorvariableyouprobablywanttosubstitutewithyourown.

fixedwidth=in-lineLinuxcommandsandfilenames.

NotesfortheUNIXClueless:

1.LINUXISCASE-SENSITIVE.Forexample:

Netscape,NETSCAPEandnEtscapearethreedifferentcommands.Alsomy_filE,my_file,andmy_FILEarethreedifferentfiles.Youruserloginnameandpasswordarealsocasesensitive.（ThisgoeswiththetraditionofUNIXandthe"c"programminglanguagebeingcasesensitive.）

2.Filenamescanbeupto256characterslongandcancontainletters,numbers,"."（dot）,"_"（underscore）,"-"（dash）,plussomeothernotrecommendedcharacters.

3.Fileswithnamesstartingwith"."arenormallynotshownbythels（list）ordircommands.Thinkofthesefilesas"hidden".Usels-a （listwiththeoption"all"）toseethesefiles.

4."/"isanequivalenttoDOS"\"（rootdirectory,meaningtheparentofallotherdirectories）.

5.UnderLinux,alldirectoriesappearunderasingledirectorytree（therearenoDOS-styledriveletters）.

6.Inaconfigurationfile,alinestartingwith#isacomment.

7.1Linuxessentialshortcutsandsanitycommands

Switchtothefirsttextterminal.UnderLinuxyoucanhaveseveral（6instandardsetup）terminalsopenedatthesametime.

（n=1..6）

Switchtothenthtextterminal.

tty

Printthenameoftheterminalinwhichyouaretypingthiscommand.

SwitchtothefirstGUIterminal（ifX-windowsisrunningonthisterminal）.

 （n=7..12）

SwitchtothenthGUIterminal（ifaGUIterminalisrunningonscreenn-1）.Ondefault,nothingisrunningonterminals

8to12,butyoucanrunanotherserverthere.

（Inatextterminal）Autocompletethecommand ifthereisonlyoneoption,orelseshowalltheavailableoptions.

THISSHORTCUTISGREAT!

ItevenworksatLILOprompt!

Scrollandeditthecommandhistory.Presstoexecute.

Scrollterminaloutputup.Workalsoattheloginprompt,soyoucanscrollthroughyourbootupmessages.

Scrollterminaloutputdown.

 <+>

（inX-windows）ChangetothenextX-serverresolution（ifyousetuptheX-servertomorethanoneresolution）.FormultipleresolutionsonmystandardSVGAcard/monitor,Ihavethefollowinglineinthefile/etc/X11/XF86Config（thefirstresolutionstartsondefault,thelargestdeterminesthesizeofthe"virtualscreen"）:

Modes"1024x768""800x600""640x480""512x384""480x300""400x300""1152x864"

<->

（inX-windows）ChangetothepreviousX-serverresolution.

（inX-windows）KillthecurrentX-windowsserver.UseiftheX-windowsservercrushesandcannotbeexitednormally.

Shutdownthesystemandreboot.Thisisthenormalshutdowncommandforauseratthetext-modeconsole.Don'tjustpressthe"reset"buttonforshutdown!

c

Killthecurrentprocess（mostlyinthetextmodeforsmallapplications）.

d

Logoutfromthecurrentterminal. Seealsothenextcommand.

d

Send[End-of-File]tothecurrentprocess.Don'tpressittwiceelseyoualsologout（seethepreviouscommand）.

s

Stopthetransfertotheterminal.

q

Resumethetransfertotheterminal.Tryifyourterminalmysteriouslystopsresponding.

z

Sendthecurrentprocesstothebackground.

exit

Logout.Icanalsouselogoutforthesameeffect. （Ifyouhavestartedasecondshell,e.g.,usingbashthesecondshellwillbeexitedandyouwillbebackinthefirstshell,notloggedout.）

reset

Restoreascrewed-upterminal（aterminalshowingfunnycharacters）todefaultsetting.Useifyoutriedto"cat"abinaryfile.Youmaynotbeabletoseethecommandasyoutypeit.

Pastethetextwhichiscurrentlyhighlightedsomewhereelse.Thisisthenormal"copy-paste"operationinLinux. （Itdoesn'tworkwithNetscapeandWordPerfectwhichusetheMSWindows-style"copy-paste".Itdoesworkinthetextterminalifyouenabled"gpm"serviceusing"setup".）BestusedwithaLinux-ready3-buttonmouse（Logitechorsimilar）orelseset"3-mousebuttonemulation"）.

~

（tilde）Myhomedirectory（normallythedirectory/home/my_login_name）.Forexample,thecommandcd~/my_dirwillchangemyworking directorytothesubdirectory"my_dir"undermyhomedirectory. Typingjust"cd"aloneisanequivalentofthecommand"cd~".

.

（dot）Currentdirectory.Forexample,./my_programwillattempttoexecutethefile"my_program"locatedinyourcurrentworkingdirectory.

..

（twodots）Directoryparenttothecurrentone.Forexample,thecommandcd..willchangemycurrentworkingdirectoryoneonelevelup.

7.2CommonLinuxcommands--systeminfo

pwd

Printworkingdirectory,i.e.,displaythenameofmycurrentdirectoryonthescreen.

hostname

Printthenameofthelocalhost（themachineonwhichyouareworking）.Usenetconf（asroot）tochangethenameofthemachine.

whoami

Printmyloginname.

idusername

Printuserid（uid）andhis/hergroupid（gid）,effectiveid（ifdifferentthantherealid）andthesupplementarygroups.

date

Printorchangetheoperatingsystemdateandtime.E.g.,Icouldchangethedateandtimeto2000-12-3123:

57usingthiscommand:

date123123572000

Tosetthehardware（BIOS）clockfromthesystem（Linux）clock,usethecommand（asroot）setclock

time

Determinetheamountoftimethatittakesforaprocesstocomplete+otherinfo.Don'tconfuseitwiththedatecommand.E.g.Icanfindouthowlongittakestodisplayadirectorycontentusing:

timels

who

Determinetheusersloggedonthemachine.

rwho-a

（=remotewho）Determineallusersloggedonyournetwork.Therwhoservicemustbeenabledforthiscommandtorun.Ifitisn't,runsetupasroottoenable"rwho".

fingeruser_name

Systeminfoaboutauser.Try:

fingerroot

last

Showlistingofuserslastlogged-inonyoursystem.

history|more

Showthelast（1000orso）commandsexecutedfromthecommandlineonthecurrentaccount.The"|more"causesthedisplaytostopaftereachscreenful.

uptime

Showtheamountoftimesincethelastreboot.

ps

（=printstatus）Listtheprocessescurrentlyrunbythecurrentuser.

psaxu|more

Listalltheprocessescurrentlyrunning,eventhosewithoutthecontrollingterminal,togetherwiththenameoftheuserthatownseachprocess.

top

Keeplistingthecurrentlyrunningprocesses,sortedbycpuusage（topusersfirst）.InKDE,youcangetGUI-basedKtopfrom"K"menuunder"System"-"TaskManager"（orbyexecuting"ktop"inanX-terminal）.

uname-a

（=Unixnamewithoption"all"）Infoonyour（local）server.Icanalsouseguname（inX-windowterminal）todisplaytheinfomorenicely.

free

Memoryinfo（inkilobytes）.

df-h

（=diskfree）Printdiskinfoaboutallthefilesystems（inhuman-readableform）

du/-bh|more

（=diskusage）Printdetaileddiskusageforeachsubdirectorystartingatthe"/"（root）directory（inhumanlegibleform）.

cat/proc/cpuinfo

Cpuinfo--itshowthecontentofthefilecpuinfo.Notethatthefilesinthe/procdirectoryarenotrealfiles--theyarehookstolookatinformationavailabletothekernel.

cat/proc/interrupts

Listtheinterruptsinuse.

cat/proc/version

Linuxversionandotherinfo

cat/proc/filesystems

Showthetypesoffilesystemscurrentlyinuse.

cat/etc/printcap

Showthesetupofprinters.

lsmod

（Asroot.Use/sbin/lsmodtoexecutethiscommandwhenyouareanon-rootuser.）Showthekernelmodulescurrentlyloaded.

set|more

Showthecurrentuserenvironment.

echo$PATH

Showthecontentoftheenvironmentvariable"PATH".Thiscommandcanbeusedtoshowotherenvironmentvariablesaswell.Use"set"toseethefullenvironment.

dmesg|less

Printkernelmessages（thecontentoftheso-calledkernelringbuffer）.Press"q"toquit"less".Useless/var/log/dmesg toseewhat"dmesg"dumpedintothisfilerightafterthelastsystembootup.

7.3Basicoperations

any_command--help|more

Displayabriefhelponacommand（workswithmostcommands）."--help"workssimilartoDOS"/h"switch.The"more"pipeisneedediftheoutputislongerthanonescreen.

mantopic

Displaythecontentsofthesystemmanualpages（help）onthetopic.Trymanmanfirst.Press"q"toquittheviewer.Thecommandinfotopicworkssimilarandmaycontainmoreup-to-dateinformation.Manualpagescanbehardtoread.Tryany_command--helpforshort,easytodigesthelponacommand.Ifmoreinfoneeded,havealooktothedirectory/usr/doc.Todisplaymanualpagefromaspecificsection,Imayusesomethinglikeinthisexample:

 man3exit（thisdisplaysaninfoonthecommandexitfromsection3ofthemanualpages）.

apropostopic

Givemethelistofthecommandsthathavesomethingtotodowithmytopic.

helpcommand

Displaybriefinfoonabash（shell）build-incommand.

ls

Listthecontentofthecurrentdirectory.UnderLinux,thecommand"d