医学考博写作课程讲义全.doc

医学考博写作课程讲义全.doc

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第一部分医学考博写作简介

摘要写作概况

例句：

随着现代医疗科技的发展，越来越多的疾病找到了治疗方式。

Withthedevelopmentofmodernmedicalscienceandtechnology,surgeons/doctorshavefoundcuresformoreandmorediseases.（正）

Asdeveloppingofmodrenmedicalscienceandtechonlogy,moreandmorediseasesfindcures.（误）

单词的记忆与应用

单词怎么背？

背准单词的四个方面：

1、读音

2、外形

3、词义

4、用

练习：

practice

对写作的整体认识

认识两个人：

出题的和改卷的

1、出题的：

a.内容：

医学科普文章

b.形式

c.时间和字数：

50分钟；约200词

2、改卷的：

高分策略：

1、字迹清楚；段落明朗

2、要点完整；紧扣提纲

3、首保正确；再求闪光

4、主体段落；先总后分

5、语句连贯；连词用上

评分实例

实例一

　　Directions:

Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopicItPaystoBeHonest.Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsandbaseyourcompositionontheoutlinegiveninChinesebelow:

　　1．当今社会上存在着很多不诚实的现象。

　　2．诚实利人利己，做人应该诚实。

1.Inourmodernsociallife,therearemanyexamplesaroundusshowmanypeoplearecheated.Advertisementscheatpeople,salesmencheatpeople,evenone'sclosestfriendscheathimorher.Somanyheartbreaksareheardeverydaythatwecannothelpasking:

whereisourhonestexist?

　　Everybodyistaughthonestintheprimaryschooloreveninthekindergarten.Honestydoesgoodnotonlytoourselves,buttoothersaswell.Ifwearehonesttoothers.Wewillbehappierandbeinabettermood.Otherwise,we'llfeelguiltatlast.Toacompanyanditsadvertisement,honestywillbringitmoreconsumerandmoreprofit.Ifwecheatothers,friendswillneverbelieveyouandtheywillleaveyoualone.Toacompany,noconsumerwillbuyyourproductagain．

　　So,astheaboveissaid,itpaystobehonest.Let'screateamorallyoutstandingsocial．（11分）

2.Althoughhonestyisbelievedtobeavirtue,therearestilldishonestpeopleinoursociety.Forexample,somebusinessmensellfakeproducttotheirconsumers;somestudentscheatintheexams．

　　Dishonestpeopleareshort-sighted.Thosewhosellfakeproductsmaymakemoneyatfirst,butconsumerswon'tbuytheirproductsanymore.Asaresult,theywilllosetheirfortuneorevenbesenttoprison.Bycontrast,honestpeoplegainalot.Thosewhoalwaystelltruthorkeeptotheirpromisenotonlyletotherstrustthembutgainrespectfromotherpeopleaswell.Suchpersonsaresuretohavealotofgoodfriends.Becausetheyaretrustableandrespectable,everyoneiseagertomakefriendswiththem.Besides,itiseasierforapersonwithagoodrecordtogetagoodjob.Generallyspeaking,everyemployerwantshisemployeestobehonest.Sowecansaythatanyonewhoishonestwillbepaidbacklater．（18分）

3.Withthedevelopmentofmoderneconomicandindustry,competitiveisbecomingmoreandmoreobvious.Atthesametime,theperformanceofdishonestisbecomingmoreandmoreclearly．

　　Nowadays,therearemanydishonestperformanceinoursociety.Forexample,somepeoplefoundthathesaledgoodshadpastthepreservationdate.Notthrowthemaway,theyrevisedtheperservationdate,andsatedthemagainafterseveraldays.Anothercaseinthepoint,apairofshoeswasmadefromgoat.However,inordertosaleatahighprice,thesalerswouldsaytheyweremadefromcowwhichhasgoodquality．

　　Fromtheforegoing,wecanseethatdishonestdosenotonlyharmtoyourselvesbutalsoharmtoothers.Anditisnouseonlyrealisetheharmnessofdishonest.Weshouldbehonestfromnowonandbehonestinourdailylife.（7分）

第二部分写作常见错误分析

六种易犯错误

4．句子成分缺失

　　Ifworkhard,wewillsurelybesuccessful.

　　EverywherecanfindskyscrapersandflyoversinBeijingtoday.

　　Theapplesfivedollarsperkilo./Thisgirlverybeautiful.

Finally,theservice.Thecanteenworkersaren'tpatientenoughwhenservingus.

（二）动词形式错误

　　1．时态错误

3．单复数错误

1）A/TheWisemanseeksopportunitiesratherthanwaitforthem.

（三）代词错误

1）Aslongasoneworkshard,youcanlearnEnglishwell.

（四）冠词错误

（五）词性错误

错误改正方式

1、老师修改

2、自己修改（互相修改）

3、跟范文对照

4、对译

第四部分句子写作练习

复合句

1．将下面每组中的两个句子合并，将其中一个改为主语从句。

　　1）TheyneedmorehelpinEnglish.

　　Thatisquiteobvious.

　　2）Sheisstillalive.

　　Thatisgoodnews.

　　3）Shewillcomehere.

　　Itdoesn'tseemlikely.

　　4）Wearebadlyinneedofsomething.

　　Itisrawmaterial.

3．将下面每组中的两个句子合并，将其中一个改为宾语从句，并且用it作形式宾语。

　　1）Iwasfarmoreintelligentthanhewas.

　　Ialwaystookthatforgranted.

　　2）Youwereunabletoattendourmeeting.

　　Weallthoughtthatwasapity.

　　3）Youshouldmindyourmanners.

　　Weconsiderthatisimportant.

　　4）Hewastooilltogoonworking.

　　Hedidn'twantthattobeknown.

5．将下面每组中的两个句子合并，将其中一个改为同位语从句。

　　1）Heisgrowingold.

　　Nothingcouldhidethefact.

　　2）Heworkshard.

　　Thefactdoesnotnecessarilymeanthatheisacompetentleader.

　　3）Ihaveacomplacentfeeling.

　　IfeelthatI'mhighlyintelligent.

　　4）Heexplainedthathedidn'tseethenotice.

　　Theexplanationisunsatisfactory.

6．将下面每组中的两个句子合并，将其中一个改为定语从句。

　　1）Ihaveanarrangementwithmybank.

　　Bythearrangementtheyletmeusetheirmoneyandrepaythemnext

month.

　　2）Hesentheraletter.

　　Intheletterhesaidthathewassorryforwhathehaddonetoher.

　　3）Mr.BrownjustcamefromBritainyesterday.

　　Hewillteachusaccountingthisterm.

　　4）SheisgoingtospendthewinterholidaysinHainan.

　　Shehassomerelativesthere.

7．将下面每组中的两个句子合并，将其中一个改为状语从句。

　（aslongas,onconditionthat,lest,so...that,such...that,incase,asif,nowthat,

whether...or,however,）

　　1）You'veboughtanewcar.

　　Whatareyougoingtodowiththeoldone?

　　2）We'dbettertakethetelescopewithus.

　　Perhapsitisneeded.

　　3）Wemusthurryoff.

　　Otherwise,wemightmissthebus.

复杂的简单句

2．起伴随或补充说明作用的从句、简单句或并列谓语往往可以改写为“with+名词+分词／形容词／介词词组”的结构作状语。

　　1）Theywearlayersofclotheseveninsummertime.Newspapersare

stuffedbetweenthelayersasfurtherprotectionagainstbadweather.

　　2）Ifmorepeoplehelpthem,theyprobablywillbeabletoaccomplishthe

taskaheadoftime.

　　3）Asallhissavingsweregone,hestartedtolookforajob.

　　4）Inthecornerthereisatable,Oneofitslegsisshorterthantheothers.

　　5）Whenthejobwasfinished,wewenttotheseasideforaholiday.

1．表示时间、让步或条件的状语从句往往可以改写为介词词组作状语。

　　1）Theylookedbothwaysbeforetheycrossedthestreet.

　　2）lmademydecisionafterItalkedtoSirFrancis.

　　3）Althoughhewasill,hewasdeterminedtocarryouthisplan.

　　4）Althoughthey'reintelligent,theyaren'tdoingwellinschool.

　　5）Althoughhe'srich,heisn'tveryhappy.

　　6）Ifwehadyoursupport,wemightsucceedinperformingourtask.

　　7）Eveniftherewereairandwater,plantsstillcouldn'tgrowonthemoon.

8）Ifyoudon'tworkhard,youwillaccomplishnothing.

　　9）Ifithadnotbeenfortheirassistance,hewouldhavefoundhimselfintrouble.

3．还有另外一些从句或简单句也可以改写为介词词组作状语。

　　1）Shewon'tgohomeuntilshehastakentheexam.

　　2）Becausehehadabadleg,hecouldn'twalkasfastastheothers.

　　3）Wearefullawarethatthesituationisserious.

　　4）Shehurriedbacktoschoolforfearthatshemisstoomanylessons.

　　5）WeshouldnotcriticizeSusanforwhatshehasdone.Instead,weoughttopraiseherforit.

6）Dr.WilsondidnotgotoNewYorkyesterdaytoattendhisdaughter'swedding.Heflewto

Floridaforanemergencycase.

4．系表结构的定语从句往往可以改写为直接用形容词、介词词组或分词结构作定语。

　　1）Ilovegirlswhoareintelligent.

　　2）Attheparty,Igottoknowaprofessorwhoisinhisthirties.

　　3）Ihatetoseelettersthatarewritteninpencil.

　　4）Thesubstance,whichwasdiscoveredalmostbyaccident,hasrevolutionizedmedicine.

　　5）Amongthosewhoaretakingpartinthework,heisprobablythemostactive.

5．两个句子的主语一致时，其中一个往往可以改写成分词结构作状语.

　　1）Everyoneofushadbeenconvincedthattheprojectwasfeasiblebythetimeweleftthe

meeting.

　　2）AsPetergothomefromthethree-month-longjourneytotheAntarctichelookedtiredout.

　　3）Teenagersarepressuredbyschoolwork.Theyarealsoencouragedbytheirpeers.

　　Undersuchcircumstances,theyresorttosmoking.

　4）Collegestudentsnowareprimarilyinterestedingradesandeconomic

success.Theycheatonexamsmorefrequently.

6．两个句子的主语相关但不一致时，其中一个句子往往可以改写成分词的独立结构作状语。

　　1）Hesatinfrontofthem.Andhisdustyfacemaskedhisage.

　　2）Sheheardacontinualstrangenoisecomingfromthenextroom.Herheart

beatfast.

　　3）Theoldbeggarsatatthecomer.Tearswelledupinhiseyes.

　　4）Jimcontinuedonhisway.Thedogwasjumpingaboutinfrontofhim.

　　5）Thegirlinthesnapshotworeabroadsmile.Herlonghairflowedinthe

breeze.

7．解释性的语句往往可以改写成同位语。

　　1）ThisisMr.Black.Heisdirectorofourhospital.

　　2）"Leaveittome,"saidPeter.Peterwasthemanonduty.

　　3）QinghaiLakeisthelargestinlandbodyofsaltwaterinChina.Itlies3195

metersabovesealevel.

　　4）Thewholeplanwascompletedwithinthreemonths.Thatishalftheusual

time.

　　5）Hereadallkindsofbooks.Theywereancientandmodern,Chineseand

foreign.

　　6）Hewasformerlyaworkerhimself.Heisnowanengineer.

省略句

英语经常省略与上文相同的内容或虽无其词已有其意的内容。

　　1）Youcandoitthiswayifyoucaretodoit.

　　2）Hisfaceistannedandhishandsarebigandstrong.

　　3）Fillintheblankswitharticleswherevertheyarenecessary.

　　4）Asitwasscheduled,theymetonJanuary20attheChineseEmbassy.

　　5）Theboylookedasifhewereafraidofnothing.

　　6）Whenyouareinneed,don'thesitatetoaskmeformoney.

　　7）Whenhewasstillayoungman,hewasappointedtothatposition.

倒装句

英语的句子在以下几种情况下可以倒装。

　　1．否定词位于句首时

　　1）IhaveneverbeentoEurope.

　　2）Hehadhardlyeatenanythingbeforethedinnerwasover.

　　3）Shehadscarcelyf