跨文化交际unit1答案Word文档格式.docx

跨文化交际unit1答案Word文档格式.docx

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to 

understand 

one 

another 

if 

they 

do 

not 

share 

the 

sameexperiences.Ofcourse,weallsharetheexperienceofbeinghuman,buttherearemanyexperienceswhichwedonotshareandwhicharedifferentforallofus.Itisthesedifferentexperiencesthat

makeupwhatiscalled―culture‖ 

inthesocialsciences 

－thehabitsofeverydaylife,thecuesto

whichpeoplerespond,theautomaticreactionstheyhavetowhatevertheyseeandhear.Theseoftendiffer,andthedifferencesmayintroducemisunderstandingswhereweseekunderstanding.

ReadingI

InterculturalCommunication：

AnIntroduction

Comprehensionquestions

1.Isitstilloftenthecasethat“everyone‟squicktoblamethealien”inthecontemporaryworld

Thisisstillpowerfulintoday‘ssocialandpoliticalrhetoric.Forinstance,itisnotuncommonin

today‘ssocietytohearpeoplesaythatmost,ifnotall,ofthesocialandeconomicproblemsare

causedbyminoritiesandimmigrants.

2.What‟sthedifferencebetweentoday‟sinterculturalcontactandthatofanytimeinthepast

Today‘sinterculturalencountersarefarmorenumerousandofgreaterimportancethaninany

timeinhistory.

3.Whathavemadeinterculturalcontactaverycommonphenomenoninourlifetoday

Newtechnology,intheformoftransportationandcommunicationsystems,hasacceleratedinterculturalcontact;

innovativecommunicationsystemshaveencouragedandfacilitatedculturalinteraction;

globalizationoftheeconomy 

has 

broughtpeopletogether;

changes 

inimmigrationpatternshavealsocontributedtointerculturalencounter.

4.Howdoyouunderstandthesentence“cultureiseverythingandeverywhere”

Culturesuppliesuswiththeanswerstoquestionsaboutwhattheworldlookslikeandhowweliveandcommunicatewithinthatworld.Cultureteachesushowtobehaveinourlifefromtheinstantofbirth.Itisomnipresent.

5.Whatarethemajorelementsthatdirectlyinfluenceourperceptionandcommunication

Thethreemajorsocio-culturalelementsthatdirectlyinfluenceperceptionandcommunicationareculturalvalues,worldview（religion）,andsocialorganizations（familyandstate）.

6.Whatdoesone‟sfamilyteachhimorherwhileheorshegrowsupinit

Thefamilyteachesthechildwhattheworldlookslikeandhisorherplaceinthatworld.

7.Whyisitimpossibletoseparateouruseoflanguagefromourculture

Becauselanguageisnotonlyaformofpreservingculturebutalsoameansofsharingculture.Languageisanorganized,generallyagreed-upon,learnedsymbolsystemthatisusedtorepresenttheexperienceswithinaculturalcommunity.

8.Whatarethenonverbalbehaviorsthatpeoplecanattachmeaningto

Peoplecanattachmeaningtononverbalbehaviorssuchasgestures,postures,facialexpressions,eyecontactandgaze,touch,etc.

9.Howcanafree,culturallydiversesocietyexist

Afree,culturallydiversesocietycanexistonlyifdiversityispermittedtoflourishwithoutprejudiceanddiscrimination,bothofwhichharmallmembersofthesociety.

DiscoveringProblems:

SlimIsBeautiful

Questionsfordiscussion

Whichdoyouthinkisthemarkofbeauty,thinorfat 

Whyisitoftensaidthatbeautyisintheeyeofbeholder

OnesociologistoncesaidthatwiththegreaterinfluenceofAmericancultureacrosstheworld,thestandardofabeautyisbecomingmoreandmoreHollywood-like,characterizedbyachiseledchinandatall,slimfigure.OnecanseesuchbeautifulimagesinalmostanyAmericanmovie.WeChinesealsosharethenotionthatthestandardideaofbeautyincludesbeingtall,thin,andlightskinned.Itseemsthatwiththeprocessofglobalization,easternandwesternbeautieslookmoreandmorealike.

Butwehavetorememberthatthedefinitionofbeautydiffersfromculturetoculture.Forexample,Hispanicstandardsoffemalebeautyaretohavebighips,amoderatetan,andashortheight.Asisdescribedinthearticle,insoutheasternNigeria,Coca-Cola-bottlevoluptuousnessiscelebratedandamplebacksidesandbosomsareconsideredidealsoffemalebeauty.

What‘s 

more,theidealstandardofbeautyvariesfromtimetotime.Forinstance,duringtimes

offamine,theidealstandardofbeautyforwomenisamuchlargerbodysize.Largersizeandmorebodyfatmayreflectone‘sstatus;

foritsuggeststhatthepersoniswellfedandhealthy.Thinnessthenwouldreflectmalnutrition.However,duringtimesofplenty,plumpnessisnotareflectionof

status. 

People 

may 

easily 

associate 

fatness 

with 

hypertension, 

heart 

disease 

or 

other 

potentialdiseases.Likewise,duringerasinwhichlower-classlaborshadtotoilpredominantlyoutsideforhoursaday,tannedskinwasanindicationoflowerstatus,andthereforetheidealstandardoffemalebeautywas 

very 

paleskin;

women 

duringthosetimes 

actuallyused 

a 

lot 

of 

white 

powderedcosmeticstoexaggeratethepalenessoftheirskin.Now,however,tanisareflectionofhavingmoreleisuretimespentonseashoresinsteadofworkinginanofficeallthetime,andthereforeitmaysuggesthigherstatus,sowomenstrivefordarkerskintones.

Itistruethatbeautyisintheeyeofthebeholderbecausepeopleofdifferentculturesandindifferentsituationsmayhavedifferentideasaboutwhatisbeautifulandwhatisnot.

GroupWork

Firstsharewithyourgroupmemberwhateverexperiencesyouhavehadincommunicationeventsthatcanbeconsideredasintercultural.Thenworktogethertodecidewhethereachofthefollowingcasesofcommunicationispossiblyinterculturalornotand,ifitis,towhatextentitisintercultural.Trytoplaceallthecasesalongacontinuumofinterculturalness,fromthemostinterculturaltotheleastintercultural.

Allthecasesmayseemtobeinterculturalbuttheydifferinthe 

extenttowhichtheyareintercultural.Howeveritmaybeverydifficultforustoplaceallthesecasesalongacontinuumofinterculturalnessfromthemostinterculturaltotheleastintercultural,formanyotherfactorshavetobetakenintoconsiderationifwehavetodecidewhichis 

moreinterculturalthananother.Forinstance,whethercommunicationbetweenamalemanagerandafemalesecretaryisinterculturalornotand,ifitis,howinterculturalitmaybe,maydependontheculturalandsocialbackgroundsofthetwopersons.Iftheyarefromdrasticallydifferentcultures,communicationbetweenthemissurelyinterculturalandmaybeveryintercultural.Iftheyarefromthesameculture,communicationbetweenthemmaybelittleintercultural.

The 

followingis 

tentativelysuggested 

for 

measuringthe 

interculturalness 

ofthecases 

ofcommunication,andthecasesarepresentedfromthemostinterculturaltotheleastintercultural:

CommunicationbetweenaChineseuniversitystudentandanAmericanprofessor;

CommunicationbetweenaCanadiangirlandaSouthAfricanboy;

Communicationbetweenafirst-generationChineseAmericanandthirdgenerationone;

CommunicationbetweenabusinesspersonfromHongKongandanartistfromXian;

CommunicationbetweenateenagerfromBeijingandateenagerfromTibet;

Communicationbetweenafatherwhoisafarmerallhislifeandhissonwhoworksasanengineer;

Communicationbetweenasoftwaretechnicianandafisherman;

Communicationbetweenamalemanagerandafemalesecretary（supposingtheyareofthesimilarculturalandsocialbackgrounds）.

Debate

Theclassistobedividedintotwogroupsanddebateonthetwodifferentviewsmentionedinthefollowing 

on 

intercultural 

communication. 

State 

your 

point 

view 

clearly 

and 

support 

yourargumentwithconvincingandsubstantiveevidence.

Pro:

are 

people;

more 

interactions 

would 

lead 

to 

greater 

understanding 

each 

other.

（Commonalityprecedes）

Con:

Peopleareshapedbydifferentenvironmentstheyfindthemselvesin,therefore,thedifferenceoverrides.（Differencesprecedes）

PossibleArgumentsforPro:

Humanbeingstendtodrawclosetooneanotherbytheircommonnature.Weallsharethecommonbasicneeds.

Rapidexpansionofworldwidetransportationandcommunicationnetworkshavemadeitfareasierthaneverbeforeforpeoplethroughouttheworldtocontactwithoneanother.

3. 

Theprocessofglobalizationmayreducetheregionaldifferencesbetweenpeopleallovertheworld.Weareallmembersofthe―globalvillage‖.

4. 

Economicinterdependenceintoday‘sworldrequirespeopleofdifferentcountriestointeracton

anunprecedentedscale,andmoreinteractionwillresultinmoresimilarityamongpeople.

5. 

Moreandmorepeoplefromvariouscultureshavetoworkandlivetogetherandtheywilladapttoeachothertosuchanextentthatculturaldifferencesbetweenthemmaynolongermatter.

PossibleArgumentsforCon:

Peoplethroughouttheworldmaybesimilarinmanyaspects,butdifferencesinhabitsandcustomskeepthemapart.

Thoughthebasichumanneedsareuniversallythesame,peopleallovertheworldsatisfytheirbasiccommonhumanneedsindifferentways.

Asoursocietyisbecomingmoreandmorediversified,differencesbetweenpeopletendtogrowlargerinsomeaspects.

Itisdifferencesbetweenpeoplethatunderliethenecessityofcommunication,anditdoesnotfollowthatcommunicationwhichmayincreasethepossibilityofunderstandingbetweenpeoplewillalwaysreduce