英语论文：外来语对英语词汇的影响(规范英文版).doc

英语论文：外来语对英语词汇的影响(规范英文版).doc

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南华大学外国语学院学期论文

学期论文

题目TheInfluenceOfLoanWordsOn

EnglishVocabulary

外来语对英语词汇的影响

学院名称外国语学院

指导教师……

职称讲师

班级10级英语02班

学号……

学生姓名……

2011年5月24日

-i-

Abstract

Englishhasbecomeaninternationallanguagebecauseofitssimplicityandrichness.Itstoleranceandflexibilitymakeitasubstantialabsorptionofloanwords,andthushasgreatvitality.LoanwordshavegreatlyenrichedtheEnglishlanguage,whichmakestheEnglishexpressionsmorevividandappropriate.Asaresult,itoccupiesapivotalpositioninEnglish.ThisarticleintendstoanalyzetheinfluenceofloanwordsonEnglishvocabularyfromtheoriginsandtypesoftheloanwordsinEnglish.

Keywords:

loanwords;origin;type;vocabulary;influence

摘要

英语因它的简单和丰富已经成了一门国际化的语言。

它的宽容和灵活性,使它大量吸收外来词汇,从而具有了顽强的生命力。

外来词汇极大地丰富了英语,使英语表达起来更加生动和贴切,因此，在英语中占据着举足轻重的地位,本文拟从外来语的来源和类型来分析外来语对英语词汇的影响。

关键词：

外来语；来源；类型；词汇；影响

Contents

1.Introduction………………………………………………………...1

-ii-

2.TheOriginofLoanWordsinEnglish……………………………..1

1.1TheloanwordsfromLatin……………………………………..1

1.2TheloanwordsfromGreece…………………………...……....1

1.3TheloanwordsfromFrench……………………………...…....2

1.4TheloanwordsfromChinese……………………………...…...3

1.5TheloanwordsfromJapanese……………………………...….3

3.TheMainTypesofLoanWordsinEnglish……...……………..….4

4.TheInfluenceofLoanWordsonEnglishVocabulary……….…....4

4.1TheinfluenceofLatinloanwords…………………………...….4

4.2TheinfluenceofGreekloanwords…………………………...…5

4.3TheinfluenceofFrenchloanwords…………………………......5

4.4TheinfluenceofChineseloanwords………………………...….6

4.5TheinfluenceofJapaneseloanwords………………………......6

5Conclusion………………………………………...………….…...6

Bibliography……………………………………………………….…7

南华大学外国语学院学期论文

1.Introduction

Becauseofpolitical,economicandculturalexchangesaswellasmilitary,technologicalandotherfactors,anationallanguageintoanothernation,resultintheloanwords.Todaytheworld’smainlanguage,withoutexception,haveloanwordscomponent,whichisoneofthelanguagedevelopmentprocess,itcanbesaidthatnoonelanguageisapurelynationalcharacter（马学良,1997）.Borrowedfromonelanguagetoanotherlanguage’scontent,itsmainpurposeseemstobetwofold:

（1）toexpandandabsorbnewcontentandthemeaningoftheconceptthatnotintheoriginallanguage;

（2）toreflectthecontentsofthenewthingsmoreaccurately,vividlyandvisually.Anylanguagehastheloanwordsexist,andthenumberofloanwords,especiallyinEnglish,asmanyasthisisararephenomenonintheworldlanguage.AccordingtotheOxfordDictionary,astheinternationallanguage,Englishtotallyhasmorethan100millionentries,inwhichloanwordsareover50million,loanwordsmadeupalmosthalftheEnglish.ShowsthattheloanwordsinEnglishhaveapivotalposition,theyhaveagreatimpactonEnglishvocabulary,masteringtheloanwordshasgreathelpinlearningEnglish.（曾传生，1997）

2.TheOriginofLoanWordsinEnglish

2.1TheloanwordsfromLatin

LatinloanwordswereabsorbedtheEnglishvocabularyatdifferenttimes.BeforetheAnglo-SaxoninvadedtoEngland,LatinhadbeenworkedinEnglishvocabulary.AD597RomanCatholicismwasbroughttoBritain（於奇,1999）,LatinhadmoreprofoundimpacttoEnglishandbecomethelargestcomponentofEnglishforeignlanguage（ThomasPyles,1971）.Thesewordsaremainlyreligious,familylife,food,tradeandmilitaryactivitiesvocabulary.Mostoftheseearlyloanwordshavedisappeared,survivingwordsare:

disciple（oneoftheTwelveApostlesofJesus）,hymn,martyr,nun,andafterdeformation,suchas:

ancor（anchor）,flasce（flask）,andsoon.

2.2TheloanwordsfromGreece

BecauseGreekcultureasearlyastheRomanculture,manyGreekwordswereborrowedintoLatin,thesameasEnglishvocabulary.Amongthem,mostlyareTechnologyterminologyandMedicalterminology.Suchas:

cardiology,hepatitis,heliosis,heliotherapy,stethoscope,andsoon.PeopleisnotonlyborrowGreekwordfromGreekdirectly,butalsomoreisborrowedtheGreekwordprefixandsuffix.Becauseafewdozenwordscanoftenbederivedfromoneprefixorsuffix（方梦之,2004）.Atpresent,theGreekprefixwithborrowedEnglishwordsconstituteakindofnewconcept,expressioniscommon.

（1）CommonborrowedfromtheGreekprefixare:

anti-,geo-,hydro-,micro-,poly-,psycho-,tele-,auto-,holo-,homo-,etc.

（2）CommonlyderivedfromtheGreeksuffixare:

-gy,-meter,-graph,-phone,-scope,etc（ThomasPyles,1971）.

2.3TheloanwordsfromFrench

BritainandFranceinthegeographicallyareseparatedbyonlyEnglishChannel.Sinceancienttimes,closecontactsbetweenthecountriesandbegintointroduceFrance（於奇,1999）.InmedievalEnglishperiod,aboutmorethan10,000FrancewordswereintroducedtoEnglishdirectly,inwhich75%arestillused）.Forinstance,

（1）Theloanwordsrelevantofgovernmentandadministrativemanagement:

govern,government,empire,authority,court,parliament,tax,etc.

（2）Aboutlawsandreligiousaspectsofloanwords:

judge,crime,justice,sentence,verdict,suit,punishment,clergy,prayer,religion,virgin,etc.

（3）Aboutthemilitaryandthedailylifeoftheclothaspectsofloanwords:

battle,navy,garrison,fashion,etc.

In1066,（於奇,1999）theNormaninvasionwasbroughtalotofFrenchwordstoEnglish.Frenchforeignwordsusedonlyinthearistocraticclassinthattime.Somegentlewordssuchas:

chair,dinner,feastcomesfromtheFrenchvocabulary,andexpressionofprimitivelifewordssuchas:

stool,breakfastisfromtheEnglishvocabulary.WhenweexpressanimalsusetheEnglishnativelanguage,suchas:

pig,sheep,ox,calf,deer,butinthetableisusingofnoblewordsbyFrenchsuchas:

pork,mutton,beef,veal,venison.

ManyaffixesfromFrenchintoEnglishareallknewwellbyus.Prefixesare:

de-,dis-,in-,inter-,pre-,pro-andsoon.Suffixesare:

-ious,-tion,-able,-mentandsoon（方梦之,2004）.Inaddition,therearequiteanumberofexamplesthatthewordsisconsistingofborrowingrootplusanativesuffix:

dukedom,noblest,powerful,preacher,falsehood,preaching,colorless,princely,faintness,courtship,quarrelsome,costwise（ThomasPyles,1971）.

2.4TheloanwordsfromChinese

Chinesehistoryculturalsourcefarflowslong,isadmiredandrespectedbyworld.Inthemodern,becauseofthedevelopmentofthenationalstrengthandtheelevationofinternationalinfluence,moreandmoreofChineselanguagevocabularyalsocitedintoEnglish,andmostofallhaverelationwithfoodandChineseexcellenttraditionalculture,suchas:

（1）Themostisfoodvocabulary:

tea（TransliterationSouthFukiendialect）,oolong（blackLongCha）,souchong（smallkindofhairpoint）,chowmien（stir-frynoodles）,maotai（Maoset）,saimien（thinside）,tofu（beancurd）,ketchup（seasoningketchup）,jiaoze（dumpling）,wontan（wontan）,boisin（boisin）,andsoon.

（2）Thefruitvocabulary:

Themango（mango）,litchi（litchi）,gingko（silveralmond）,bokchoy（cabbage）,longan（LongYan）,ginseng（ginseng）,andsoon.

（3）Handicraftarticlevocabulary:

China（china）,silk（silk）,Cantonware（GuangDongporcelain）,Chienware（Sungporcelain）,andsoon.

（4）Folkculturalofvocabulary:

Theyanko（harvestsong）,mahjong（mahjong）,weichi（gogame）,Pingju（reviewaplay）,Yueju（Honanopera）,Erhuang（twoHuangs）,dan（Dan）,sheng（living）,chou（isugly）,yin-yang（yingandyang）,zhen-jiu（theneedleburns）,Confucius（Confucius）,Laotzu（LaoTze）,andsoon.

（5）Othercategoryvocabularies:

Cheongsam（ensigntunic）,kongfu（effort）,thetaichichuan（Taichi）,typhoon（stagemanners）,kang（anti-）,thelama（Lamamonk）,typhoon（violenttyphoon）,Microphone（microphone）,Disco（anameofcity）,Penicillin（anameofcity）,clone（clone）,kowtow（kowtow）,kang（kang）,lama（lama）,andsoon（ThomasPyles,1971）.

2.5TheloanwordsfromJapanese

SomeJapanesewordsarealsoabsorbedtoEnglish.Suchas:

（1）Aboutbiteandsupvocabulary:

fugu,nori,ramen,shabu-shabu,tamari,teppan-yaki,wakame,sashimi（sashimi）,andsoon.

（2）Aboutfashionableculturevocabulary:

anime,karaoke（thecardpullsok）,manga,tamagotchi,andsoon.

（3）Abouteconomyvocabulary:

kaizen,kanban,karoshi,keiretssu,salaryman,zaitech,andsoon.

（4）Othercategoryvocabularies:

karate（emptyhandway）,tsunami（tidalwave）,judo（judo）,tycoon（tycoon,bigstyleof）,zaibatsu（financialmagnate）,kimino（kimino）,tatami（fallarice-Japanesetospreadinthericestrawmatofroomhinterlandplank）,harakiki（Poustomachsuicide）,geisha（skillJi）,andsoon.

3.TheMainTypesofLoanWordsinEnglish

Accordingtothechangeofloanwords,loanwordscanbedividedintofourtypes:

（1）Denizens:

ThewordshavebeenassimilatedinEnglishwordswhichborrowedfromtheforeignlanguageearly.Suchas:

“port”comesfrom“protus”（Latin）,“cup”comesfrom“cuppa”（Latin）,“shift”comesfrom“skipta”,“shirt”comesfrom“shyrta”,“change”comesfrom“changier”（French）,“pork”comesfrom“pore”（French）,andsoon.

（2）Aliens:

Thewordsstillretainstheoriginalpronunciationandspelling.Suchas:

wushu（Chinese）,kuaiban（Chinese）,chauffeur（French）,décor（French）,blitzkrieg,kowtow（Chinese）,bazaar,statusquo（Latin）,intermezzo,emir,andsoon.

（3）Translation-loans:

Usethenativelanguagewords,andwordformationpatternsmodeledtheforeignlanguage（方梦之,2004）.Theycanbe